Retroviridae

Question 1

Have unique mode of replication they require an RNA dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) to synthesize DNA from the RNA genome

Answer 1

Retrovirus

Question 2

Spherical 80-109 nm in diameter, helical nucleoprotein within icosahedral capsid.

Answer 2

Virion of retrovirus

Question 3

Composition of retrovirus

Answer 3

RNA 2%
PROTEIN 60%
LIPID 35%
CARBOHYDRATE 3%

Question 4

Virions bud from plasma membrane

Answer 4

Retrovius

Question 6

Infection do not kill cells may transduce cellular oncogenes, may activate expression of cell genes

Answer 6

Retrovirus

Question 7

Provirus remain permanently associated with cells and are not frequently expressed. Many members are tumor viruses

Answer 7

Retrovirus

Question 8

a spherical virus, with a three-layer structure. In the center are two identical copies of ssRNA and reverse transcriptase surrounded by an icosahedral capsid.

Answer 8

HIV

Question 9

diagnostically important HIV antigens are the structural proteins

Answer 9

p24, gp41, gpl20, and gpl60

Question 10

HIV belongs to the subfamily

Answer 10

Lentivirinae

Question 11

is the more aggressive virus and is
responsible for the AIDS pandemic.

Answer 11

HIV 1

Question 12

was identified first and is responsible for the AIDS pandemic, with about 34 million people identified as having HIV/AIDS at the end of 2011 and
approximately 7400 new cases
diagnosed each day.

Answer 12

HIV 1

Question 13

is the end stage of a process in which the immune system and its ability
to control infections and malignant
proliferation is destroyed.

Answer 13

AIDS

Question 14

True or False

Symptoms are noted in 40% to 80% of infecting virus, and preventive therapies patients within 3 to 6 weeks after or lifestyle changes primary infection and resolve within 7 to
14 days.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

In acute infection of HIV the symptoms overall are fairly nonspecific, resembling a

Answer 15

mononucleosis-like syndrome.

Question 16

Individual symptoms commonly noted included fever maculopapular rash, oral, ulcers, lymphadenopathy, malaise weight loss, arthralgia, pharyngitis and night sweats

Answer 16

Acute infection of HIV

Question 17

HIV 1 Plasma viral particle levels reach high levels of up to

Answer 17

100 million copies of HIV 1 RNA per milliliter of plasma

Question 18

HIV 1 viral particles are destroying ___lymphocytes and seeding lymphoid organs and other tissue’s reservoirs for widespread dissemination

Answer 18

CD4+ T

Question 19

HIV 1 specific antibodies are

Answer 19

Not detectable

Question 21

As the primary infection resolves, CD4 + T-cell counts increase while viral particle levels decline and reach a steady-state level.

Answer 21

Latent infection HIV 1

Question 22

During this stage the virus actively replicates in lymphoid tissues destroying large numbers of T cells

Answer 22

Latent infection of HIV 1

Question 23

because T-cell production keeps pace with the number of T cells destroyed, immune function is intact, and the individual is——-.
This period may last several years before the development of clinical immunodeficiency

Answer 23

asymptomatic

Question 24

Latent period in HIV 1 last approximately

Answer 24

10 years on average

Question 25

Some patients are rapid progressors, developing AIDS within 1 to 2 years, as opposed to others considered long-term nonprogressors, who may remain symptom-free for longer than 20 years.

Answer 25

Take note 📝

Question 26

The rate of disease progression is dependent on host immune regronse. Host immune response, host genetic factors, characteristics of the infecting virus, and preventive therapies or lifestyle changes.

Answer 26

Take note 📝📝

Question 27

Important immunologic markers for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Answer 27

• Steady decline in number of CD4' T cells| • Depression of the CD4'-to-CD8' cell ratio to less than 0.9 (reference value, 21.5) • Functional impairment of monocytes and macrophages • Decreased natural killer cell activity • Anergy to recall antigens in skin tests

Question 28

screening tests, used purified viral lysate as antigens

Answer 28

First generation

Question 29

tests used recombinant viral proteins.

Answer 29

Second generation

Question 30

relied on the double-antigen sandwich assay

Answer 30

third-generation tests

Question 31

kits detected antibody and p24 antigen.

Answer 31

Fourth-generation

Question 32

is a multiplexed screening test that detects and differentiates all three HIV analyte markers: ○ HIV-1 antibodies ○ HIV-2 antibodies ○ HIV-1 p24 antigen

Answer 32

first fifth-generation assay

Question 33

● Diagnosis of HIV infection in babies born to HIV-positive mothers is problematic because of maternal IgG in the baby's blood; therefore,— for identification

Answer 33

PCR of viral DNA or RNA is recommended.

Question 34

are also used to measure the quantity of HIV-1 present in plasma as a prognostic indicator, to monitor treatment and determine infectious status of patients

Answer 34

HIV RNA viral load assays

Question 35

Clinical management of infected individuals involves the use of highly ——-and depends on the measurement of CD4+ lymphocytes and the viral load.

Answer 35

active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

Question 36

is used to establish susceptibility to antiviral agents

Answer 36

Genome sequencing

Question 37

Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors NNRTI

Answer 37

Abacavir Emtricitabine Didanosine Lamivudine Stavudine Tenofovir Zidovudine