review

Question 1

ingestion

Answer 1

introduction of food into stomach

Question 2

mastication

Answer 2

chewing

Question 3

Peristalsis

Answer 3

rhythmic, wavelike contractions that move food through GI tract

Question 4

Segmentation

Answer 4

a secretion or food is introduced, segments of the digestive tract alternate between contraction and relaxation, material is spread out in both directions… essentially mix and break food down into smaller pieces—stationary

Question 5

Secretion

Answer 5

lubricate, liquefy, digest

Question 6

mechanical digestion

Answer 6

mastication and mixing of food

Question 7

chemical digestion

Answer 7

digestive enzymes

Question 8

absorption

Answer 8

passage of digested end products into blood and lymph

Question 9

elimination

Answer 9

waste products removed from body in the form of feces

Question 10

layers of the intestinal tract

Answer 10

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

Question 11

mucosa

Answer 11

inner most

Question 12

submucosa

Answer 12

thick connective tissue that contains nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and glands

Question 13

muscularis

Answer 13

has an inner layer that contains circular smooth muscle and an outer layer that contains longitudinal smooth muscle

Question 14

serosa

Answer 14

visceral peritoneum, connective tissue layer and is simple squamous epithelium

Question 15

Muscularis: Usually 2 layers of smooth muscle, what are the two exceptions?

Answer 15

Upper esophagus with skeletal muscle and stomach has 3 layers of smooth muscle

Question 16

adventita

Answer 16

connective tissue that blends with connective tissue of surrounding structures

Question 17

Submucosal plexus

Answer 17

control secretion from the glands

Question 18

Myenteric plexus

Answer 18

control mobility or movement of GI tract

Question 19

What type of epithelium in oral cavity?

Answer 19

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 20

role of lips and cheeks

Answer 20

mastication and holds food in place

Question 21

role of the palate

Answer 21

separate oral and nasal cavities

Question 22

roll of the tongue

Answer 22

larger muscular organ that moves food in the mouth

Question 23

Mastication

Answer 23

Goal of mastication (chewing) is to reduce food particle size for deglutition (or increase surface area for chemical digestion)

Mastication is a complex action that involves Tongue, Teeth, Mastication reflex, and salivary glands.

Question 24

Components and functions of saliva

Answer 24

keep oral cavity moist

Begins digestion

Prevent bacterial infection

Mucous helps form bolus for swallowing

Question 25

There are 3 types of salivary glands, what is the largest salivary gland

Answer 25

Parotid- largest Sub mandibula Sublingual

Question 26

Voluntary phase of swallowing

Answer 26

Bolus is moved by tongue from oral cavity to pharynx

Question 27

Pharyngeal phase of swallowing

Answer 27

Reflex is initiated by tactile receptors and controlled by the swallowing center in the medulla oblongata Soft palate is elevated and close off nasopharynx Pharynx and larynx elevate to move the bolus down the pharynx Epiglottis is bent over the opening of the larynx by the force of the bolus

Question 28

Esophageal phase of swallowing

Answer 28

Bolus moved by peristaltic contractions of the esophagus to the stomach Presence of food in esophagus stimulates myenteric plexus

Question 29

Uniqueness of the muscularis layer

Answer 29

It has a third layer called the inner oblique layer. It helps churn the chime in the stomach

Question 30

Function(s) of Rugae

Answer 30

Allow for expansion of the stomach after the consumption of foods and liquids

Question 31

Pyloric sphincter

Answer 31

governs the passage of food out of the stomach into the small intestine

Question 32

anatomy of the liver

Answer 32

right and left lobe, portal triad

Question 33

Hepatic ducts

Answer 33

carry bile from liver and combine to form the hepatic duct

Question 34

What are the functions and structure of the gallbladder

Answer 34

Sac like structure composed of mucosa, inner muscularis and outer serosa Bile arrives from the liver and gallbladder stores and concentrates it

Question 35

what are gallstones

Answer 35

precipitated cholesterol or pigment, can block cystic duct and can cause diabetes

Question 36

functions of the liver

Answer 36

Bile production Storage of nutrients Nutrient metabolism Detoxification Phagocytosis Synthesis of blood proteins

Question 37

endocrine secretions

Answer 37

pancreatic islets- these produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

Question 38

exocrine secretions

Answer 38

pancreatic acini- produce pancreatic juice

Question 39

content of pancreatic juice

Answer 39

Aqueous component- helps stop pepsin digestion and neutralizes acidic chyme

Question 40

enzymatic component

Answer 40

helps with digestion

Question 41

Pancreatic enzymes sometime produced as inactive molecules, why??

Answer 41

To protect the organs and glands from digestion by the enzymes