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MCAT Miscellaneous > Review 14 > Flashcards

Review 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Myelin

A

Protein + Phospholipids

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2
Q

Repolarization

A

K+ channel opens, K+ flows out of the cell

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3
Q

SAME DAVE

A

Sensory Afferent Motor Efferent Dorsal Afferent Ventral Efferent

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4
Q

Monosynaptic Reflex Arc

A

Only one synaptic connection between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron

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5
Q

Polysynaptic Reflex Arc

A

Interneuron in between motor and sensory nerves

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6
Q

CNS

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

Brain - Receives and processes sensory information, initiates responses, stores memories, generates thoughts, and emotion.

Spinal Cord - Conducts signals to and from the brain, controls reflex activities.

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7
Q

PNS

A

PNS -> Motor (CNS to muscles and glands) and Sensory (sensory organs to CNS) Neurons

Motor Neurons -> Somatic (Voluntary) and Autonomic (involuntary) System

Autonomic System -> Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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8
Q

Telencephalon

A

Upper End of the Brain Stem

Consists of two separate cerebral spheres

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9
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory coordination, relay station for visual and auditory information, reticular activating device, wakefulness, arousal

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10
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Primitive emotions, autonomic function, hormone production and release, homeostasis temperature, pH, blood pressure, hormones, primitive emotions

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11
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus

A

Hunger and thirst center, triggers eating and drinking

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12
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

A

Provides signal to stop eating

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13
Q

Anterior

A

Controls Sexual Behavior

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14
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Master endocrine Gland

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15
Q

Pineal body

A

Biological rhythms, secretes melatonin to regulate circadian rhythms

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16
Q

Cerebrum

A

Right and left hemispheres: higher conscious thought and intellectual function

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17
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Movement, personality, complex reasoning and problem-solving

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18
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Executive function and supervising other brain regions associated with perception, memory, emotion, impulse control and long term planning.

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19
Q

Association Area

A

An area that integrates input from diverse brain regions

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20
Q

Projection Area

A

Perform simple perceptual and motor tasks

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21
Q

Motor Cortex

A

Initiates motor movements, a projection area

22
Q

Brocas Area

A

Important for speech production

23
Q

Parietal

A

Processing sensation (touch, temperature, pressure, vibration), gustation (taste0

24
Q

Somatosensory

A

Somatosensation, destination for incoming sensory signals for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

25
Q

Central Region

A

Proprioception, spatial processing and manipulation (ex map reading)

26
Q

Occipital

A

Vision, contains visual cortex

27
Q

Temporal

A

Hearing and smell, short term memory, language comprehension, emotion

28
Q

Auditory Cortex

A

Sound processing, including speech and music

29
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Language comprehension and reception

30
Q

LEft and Right

A

Left usually dominant speech writing, and reading

Right - music, visual spatial reasoning, and emotional interpretation

31
Q

Basal Nuclei

A

Composed of grey matter and deep within the cerebral hemispheres and control voluntary movement, procedural learning related to habits, inhibit excessive motion. While Cerebral cortex initiate motion

32
Q

Limbic System: Septal nuclei, amygdala, and hippocampus

A

Limbic System - important in emotion an dmemory

Septal nuclei - Pleasure center of the brain and is associated with addictive behavior

Amygdala - Defensive and aggressive behaviors including fear and rage

Hippocampus - Learning and memory process
Damge causes anterograde amnesia - not being able to establish new memories but older memories are intact

Opposite of retrograde amnesia - Loss of memories from events before injury

33
Q

Midbrain

A

Associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation

34
Q

Hindbrain

A

Rhombencephalon, brainstem, support vital bodily processes

35
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates complex movements, hand eye coordination, balance

36
Q

Pons

A

Relays information from forebrain to cerebellum. Transfers motor commands. Roles in
sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, eye movements, posture, facial sensations and expressions.

37
Q

Medulla

A

Autonomic functions: digestion, vomiting, heart rate, breathing and blood pressure

38
Q

Spinal Cord Function

A

Simple Reflexes

  1. Controls simple stretch and tendon reflexes
  2. Controls primitive processes such as walking, urination and sex organ function
39
Q

Medulla Function

A

Involuntary Functions

  1. Controls autonomic processes such as blood pressure, blood flow, heart rate, respiration rate, swallowing, vomiting
  2. Controls reflex reactions such as coughing or sneezing
  3. Relays information to the cerebellum and the thalamus
40
Q

Pons Function

A

Relay Station and Balance

  1. Controls antigravity posture and balance
  2. Connects the spinal cord and medulla with upper regions of the brain
  3. Relays information to the cerebellum and thalamus
41
Q

Cerebellum Function

A

Movement and Coordination

  1. Integrating center
  2. Coordination of complex movement, balance and posture, muscle tone, and spatial equilibrium
42
Q

Midbrain Function

A

Eye Movement

  1. Integration of visual and auditory information
  2. Visual and auditory reflexes
  3. Wakefulness and consciousness
  4. Coordinates information on posture and muscle tone
43
Q

Thalamus Function

A

Integrating Center and relay station

  1. Relay center for somatic (conscious) sensation
  2. Relays information between the spinal cord and cerebral cortex
44
Q

Hypothalamus Function

A

Homeostasis and behavior

  1. controls homeostatic functions (such as temperature regulation, fluid balance, appetite) through both neural and hormonal regulation.
  2. Controls primitive emotions such as anger, rage, and sex drive
  3. Controls the pituitary gland
45
Q

Pineal Body

A

Biological rhythms

  1. secretes a hormone called melatonin, which regulates circadian rhythms.
  2. receives direct signals from the retina for coordination with sunlight. Diencephalon
46
Q

Basal Nuclei

A

Movement

  1. regulates body movement and muscle tone
  2. coordinates learned movement patterns
  3. General pattern of rhythm movements (such as controlling the cycle of arm and leg movements when walking)
  4. subconscious adjustments of conscious movements
  5. Parkinson disease, Schizophrenia, Obsessive Compulsive disorder is due to malfunctioning basal ganglia
47
Q

Limbic System

A

Emotion, memory, and learning

  1. Controls emotional states, aggression, pain and fear
  2. links conscious and unconscious portions of the brain
  3. helps with memory storage and retrieval
48
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Perception, skeletal muscle movement, memory, attention, thought, language, and consciousness

  1. Divided into four lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital) with specialized sub functions
  2. conscious thought process and planning, awareness and sensation
  3. perception and processing of the special senses (vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch)
  4. intellectual function (intelligence, learning, reading, communication)
  5. abstract thought and reasoning
  6. memory storage and retrieval
  7. initiation and coordination of voluntary movement
  8. complex motor patterns
  9. language (speech production and understanding)
  10. Personality
49
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connection

  1. Connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres
50
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

parasympathetic effect on GI system and heart (increase GI activity, decrease heart rate)

MCAT Miscellaneous (17 decks)

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