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MCAT Miscellaneous > Review 5 > Flashcards

Review 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Sources of Mutations

A
  1. Inherited
  2. Spontaneous:
    a. DNA replication errors
    b. Environmental factors
    c. Completely random
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2
Q

Mutations Effects on DNA

A
  1. Point mutation

2. Frameshift mutation (Insertion/Deletion)

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3
Q

Mutation Effects on Protein

A
  1. Missense Mutation (leads to change in amino acid)

2. Nonsense mutation leads to stop codon prematurely

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4
Q

Missense Mutation

A
  1. Silent mutation - Does not affect final amino acid
  2. Conservative mutation - New amino acid is the same type as the previous one e.g. acid for acid
  3. Non-conservative mutation - New amino acid of different type e.g. Serine for Phe
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5
Q

Causes of Point mutation

A

Point mutations are caused by BASE SUBSTITUTION
1. Transition i.e. A->G or C->T (Change one purine for another purine or pyrimidine for another pyrimidine

  1. Transversion i.e. A or G for C or T (Change purine for pyrimidine or vice-versa)
  2. Mispairing mismatching
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6
Q

Causes of Frame-shift Mutation

A
  1. Insertion

2. Deletion

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7
Q

Large Scale Mutations

A
  1. Crossing over of non-homologous chromosomes
  2. Inversion:
    a. Do not always affect individual nucleotides
    b. Affects mostly regulation of expression and what it codes for
    c. Position depends on regulation
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8
Q

Mutagens and Classes

A

Chemical or Physical substance or event that can cause genetic mutations

a. Endogenous (internal) e.g : ROS (Cause breaks, or base modification)
b. Exogenous (External) e.g Intercalators and base analogues (e.g. Uracil -> 5-Bromouracil)

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9
Q

5-Bromouracil

A
  1. Ketoform - Binds adenine 9good)

2. Enol form - Binds Guanine (:-(

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10
Q

Carcinogen

A
  1. Can be mutagen or not.
  2. Increase rate of cancer
    3, Can cause mutation or increase a protein rate

e.g: Tobacco, asbestos

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11
Q

Complete Dominance

A

AB - A completely dominant over B

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12
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

A MIXTURE of the alleles in the GENOTYPE is seen in the Phenotype

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13
Q

Co-Dominance

A

Both ALLELES in the genotype are seen in th ephenotype

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14
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A
  1. No selection
  2. No mutation
  3. Large Population
  4. Net migration = 0
  5. Random Mating
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15
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

A

p + q = 1

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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16
Q

Hersey-Chase

A

Sulphur and Phosphorous to determine DNA

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17
Q

Genetic Recombination 1

A
  1. Joining of homologous pair and form tetrad called synapsis
  2. Product formed is the synaptomenal complex
  3. Joined at the Chiasma and the result is crossing-over and recombination of genetic recombination
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18
Q

Genetic Recombination 2

A

Know the following:
Single Crossing over
2 strand single crossver
3 strand double crossover, etc

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19
Q

Pseudoautosomal region

A

These are regions on the X and Y where crossing over occurs but beyond those points, crossing over does not happen

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20
Q

Gene Mapping

A

Higher the distances, the greater the recombination frequency

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21
Q

Centimorgan

A

Distance between genes for which one product of meiosis in 100 is recombinant

E.g. 1 centimorgan = 1 %

22
Q

Extranuclear Inheritance

A
  1. Chloroplast and Mitochondria

2. Maternal Inheritance (Mito. and chloroplast) does not follow Mendelian Inheritance. (Does not involve sperm and egg)

23
Q

Evolution

A
  1. Small changes to POPULATION and NOT INDIVIDUALS over a long period of time
24
Q

Agents of Evolution

A
  1. Natural Selection

2. Genetic Drift

25
Q

Natural Selection

A
  1. Nature selects it.
  2. Applies only to heritable traits and not teachable ones like saying hunting or fishing.
  3. The basis that the better trait will survive longer and then pass it down.
  4. Survival UNTIL reproduction
26
Q

Fitness

A
  1. Refers to the organism’s total ability to pass on traits to offsprings
  2. Combination of ability to survive to the age of reproduction and actually be able to reproduce when it gets there.
27
Q

Fecundity

A
  1. Refers to a description of how well a person can actually reproduce
  2. How easy or often a person can reproduce or produce offspring
  3. Direcrtly related to natual selection
28
Q

Alternatives to Natural Selection

A
  1. Group Selection

2. Artificial Selection

29
Q

Group Selection

A
  1. Survival AFTER reproduction
  2. Genetic traits that benefit the group as a whole will be naturally selected for even though they do not benefit the individual with the trait.
30
Q

Artifical Selection

A

Outside individual NOT nature can literally choose which traits will be passed on instead of it occurring naturally.

31
Q

Genetic Drift

A
  1. Not the traits most necessarily fit that survive or are selected.
  2. Random changes
  3. CHanges in Heritable traits
  4. More likely to happen to small populations
32
Q

Types of Genetic Drift that lead to extreme reduction in population

A
  1. Bottleneck effect

2. Founder effect

33
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A
  1. Significant reduction in population

2. Major disaster or event kills off population

34
Q

Founder Effect

A
  1. Significant reduction in population

2. Due to loss in variation in population (some go off somewhere and find a new population)

35
Q

Importance of Large Gene Pools

A

Good for a population because it allows to adapt to any changes in the environment

36
Q

Inbreeding

A
  1. Groups of people will selectively have offspring with a smaller group within that population.

E.g: distant relatives, etc.

37
Q

Concerns with Inbreeding

A
  1. Some inbred population are more likely to have carriers or diseased people with diseases than the general population
  2. Mostly concern with autosomal recessive because they go unnoticed than autosomal dominant
38
Q

How are species divided

A

By reproductive isolation

39
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A
  1. Pre-zygotic

2. Post-zygotic

40
Q

Pre-zygotic Definition

A

All the different forces that prevent two organisms from having offspring together that occurs prior to formation of zygote

41
Q

Post-zygotic Definition

A

All the different forces that arise after zygote forms

42
Q

Pre-zygotic Forms

A
  1. Temporal or Habitat (Ecological) isolation
  2. Behavioral isolation
  3. Mechanical Isolation
  4. Gametic Isolation
43
Q

Temporal/Habitat Isolation

A
  1. Not all organisms mate at the same time
    a. Some at night/day or summer/winter
    b. If they do not find at the same time, they are temporarily isolated
  2. Refers to place for reproduction and if not found, it could be isolated
44
Q

Behavioral Isolation

A
  1. Mate selection; attract mates in different ways

2. e.g. bird singing, dancing

45
Q

Mechanical Isolation

A
  1. Mating is NOT possible e.g elephant and mouse
46
Q

Gametic Isolation

A

If they do mate, fusion of gamete to form zygotes is NOT possible

47
Q

Post-zygotic Forms

A
  1. Post-zygotic mortality
  2. Hybrid inviability
  3. Hybrid sterility
48
Q

Post-zygotic mortality

A
  1. Gametes fuse but zygote will still die and cannot develop to mature offspring
49
Q

Hybrid invariability

A

Zygote forms, grows to an offspring but cannot mature to an adult but dies off

50
Q

Hybrid sterility

A

Gamete fuses, zygote forms, develops into offspring and adult but cannot mate and form or reproduce on its own

51
Q

Species classification

A

If 2 sexually reproducing organisms are not isolated by any of these barriers, we say that they are the same species. Think ABOUT IT NOT JUST IMPOTENT PEOPLE BUT IF IT APPLIES TO ALL GROUPS

MCAT Miscellaneous (17 decks)

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