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1
Q

what are the functions of the skeletal system

A

support the body, protect the organs, movement, hemopoiesis, energy, and mineral reserves.

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2
Q

three types of cartilage

A

hyaline- fetal skeleton
elastic- pinna(outer ear), epiglottis
fibrocartilage- intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis

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3
Q

spongy bone

A

less dense bone made of trabeculae and forms inside of bones

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4
Q

compact bone

A

dense bone made of osteons. external layer of bone

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5
Q

osteoblasts

A

builds bone

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6
Q

osteoclasts

A

consumes bone

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7
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

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8
Q

endochondral ossification

A

bones begin as a hyaline cartilage model. bones replace the cartilage. most bones

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9
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

bone grows within a membrane. flat bones ex. maxillae, zygomatic, mandible, and center of clavicle

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10
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

holds growth plate cartilage

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11
Q

pectoral girdle

A

the scapula and clavicle

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12
Q

bones of upper limb

A

pectoral girdle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges.

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13
Q

tibia v fibula

A

tibia is larger and more medial

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14
Q

types of joints

A

fibrous- sutures in the skull
cartilaginous- pubic symphysis
synovial- joints of limbs

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15
Q

synchondosis

A

cartilaginous joint where bones are joined together by hyaline cartilage

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16
Q

symphysis

A

where bones are joined by fibrocartilage forming an immovable joint

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17
Q

plane joint

A

gliding ex tarsals carpal

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18
Q

hinge

A

flexion and extension ex elbow joint

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18
Q

pivot joint

A

rotation ex proximal radioulnar joint

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19
Q

condylar joint

A

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction ex metacarpophalangeal joint

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20
Q

ball and socket joint

A

flexion, extention, adduction, abduction, and rotation

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21
Q

knee bones and ligaments

A

patella, femur, tibia; lateral and medial collateral ligament, anterior and posterior cruciate ligament

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22
Q

temporomandibular joint bones

A

mandible and temporal.

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23
Q

bones and ligaments of the elbow

A

humerus, ulna, and radius, annular ligament, radial collateral ligament

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24
coxal joint bones
femur and os coxae
25
glenohumeral joint
scapula, humerus
25
three types of muscle tissue
cardiac- striated w/ intercalated disks. involuntary smooth- not striated involuntary skeletal- voluntary, striated
26
functions of skeletal muscles
produce movement, maintain posture, support, generate heat, storage and movement of materials.
27
properties of skeletal muscle
contractility (cells can shorten), excitability, extensibility, elasticity
28
layers of connective found in muscle
epimysium- surrounds entire muscle most superficial perimysium- surrounds each fascicle endomysium- surrounds fibers within fasicle deepest
29
sarcomere
the smallest functional unit of striated muscle tissue
30
convergent muscle
narrow insertion broad origin, latissimus dorsi
30
circular muscle
orbicularis oculi
31
parallel msucle
sternocleidomastoid
32
pennate muscle
deltoid
33
synergist
muscles with similar actions
34
antagonistic
muscles with opposite actions
35
functions of cranial bones
protect brain and provide attachment sites for some head and neck muscles
36
facial bones functions
form framework for face, opening for food and air, hold the teeth, anchor muscles of the face.
37
cranial bones
frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, 2 parietals, and 2 temporals
38
cranial sutures
sagittal suture, coronal suture, squamous suture, lambdoid suture,
39
facial bones
mandible, vomer, 2 nasals, 2 lacrimals , 2 maxillae, 2 zygomatic, 2 palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchae
40
orbital bones
frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, ethmoid bones
41
function of thoracic cage
protects heart, lungs, and other organs, support pectoral girdle and provides attachment points.
42
floating ribs
last two ribs 11-12
43
true ribs
attach to sternum by costal cartilage, 1-7
43
what parts of the ribs articulate with the vertebrae
the tubercle and head
44
false ribs
ribs that dont directly connect to sternum, 8-10
44
landmarks of the strenum
xiphoid process, body, manubrium, sternal angle, jugular notch
45
why is surface anatomy important
connecting outside appearance with the deep structures of the body is important for diagnosis of diseases and disorders
46
cubital fossa
common location for blood drawing. located on inside of the elbow. contains median cubital vein
46
surface anatomy examination
1. visual inspection 2. percussion 3. palpation 4. auscultation
47
where is radial pulse taken
the anatomical snuffbox. distal to radial styloid process
48
the gluteal region and its use
used for intramuscular injections upper lateral quad
49
femoral triangle use
catheter insertion, helps stop bleeding in the lower leg. borders inguinal ligament superiorly, sartorius muscle laterally, adductor longus medially
50
triangle of auscultation and its borders
the location used to hear respiratory sounds; trapezius, rhomboid major, latissimus dorsi
51
craniosynostosis
premature fusion of the skull bones
52
scoliosis
lateral curvature of the spine
53
kyphosis
excessive curvature of the thoracic spine
54
osteoporosis
bone mineral density and bone mass decrease due to an imbalance in the normal bone building and degradation cycle.
54
lordosis
excessive curvature of the lumbar spine. due to larger front load
55
compartment syndrome
the damaged muscle surrounding fascia swell and constricts putting pressure on vessels and nerves. also prevents blood from entering or leaving. acute- can lead to tissure loss chronic- caused by overuse
56
fractures in humerus
common in surgical neck and midshaft spiral fractures

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