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review activity Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

An arrhythmia is an abnormal heart rhythm that can be serious and may require treatment

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2
Q

What type of drug is commonly used to treat arrhythmias?

A

Antiarrhythmic drug or nonpharmacological therapies

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3
Q

How are antiarrhythmic drugs categorized?

A

According to their mechanism of action

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4
Q

What do antiarrhythmic drugs work by correcting?

A

Electrical conduction function

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5
Q

Class I antiarrhythmic drugs are characterized by what action?

A

Blocking sodium channels and exerting their actions on the myocardial cell membrane

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6
Q

Class II antiarrhythmic drugs are known as what?

A

Beta-blockers

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7
Q

What do Class II drugs block?

A

Sympathetic stimulation of the heart

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8
Q

Class III antiarrhythmic drugs increase the action potential duration by prolonging ________ in phase ______.

A

Repolarization; 3

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9
Q

Class IV antiarrhythmic drugs inhibit what?

A

Calcium channels

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10
Q

Loop diuretics primarily act along which part of the nephron?

A

Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle

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11
Q

Loop diuretics are used to manage edema associated with what conditions?

A
  • Heart failure
  • Liver disease
  • Kidney disease
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12
Q

Mannitol is classified as what type of diuretic?

A

Osmotic diuretic

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13
Q

What is the major site of action for mannitol?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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14
Q

Potassium-sparing diuretics include which drugs?

A
  • Spironolactone
  • Eplerenone
  • Amiloride
  • Triamterene
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15
Q

The thiazide diuretics include which two medications?

A
  • Hydrochlorothiazide
  • Chlorthalidone
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16
Q

Heart failure is defined as what?

A

A pathological state in which the heart is unable to pump blood in sufficient amounts

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17
Q

What are the two types of physical defects causing heart failure?

A
  • Myocardial defect
  • Defect outside the myocardium
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18
Q

The treatment of chronic heart failure revolves around reducing the effects of which systems?

A
  • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
  • Sympathetic nervous system
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19
Q

ACE inhibitors and ARBs have potent what properties in heart failure treatment?

A

Vasodilatory

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20
Q

What do beta-blockers prevent?

A

Catecholamine-mediated actions on the heart

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21
Q

What beneficial effects does digoxin have in heart failure?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Increased cardiac output
  • Decreased heart rate
22
Q

Hypertension is defined as what?

Study These Flashcards
A

Elevated blood pressure that can lead to significant health issues

23
Q

What are the two types of hypertension?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Primary hypertension
  • Secondary hypertension
24
Q

Name diseases for which hypertension is a major risk factor.

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Heart disease
  • Stroke
  • Death from cardiovascular causes
25
What are the seven main categories of pharmacological drugs used to treat hypertension?
* Diuretics * Beta-blockers * ACE inhibitors * Angiotensin II receptor blockers * Calcium channel blockers * Alpha-blockers * Vasodilators
26
The primary therapeutic effect of diuretics is what?
Reduction of blood volume
27
Beta blockers include which medications?
* Atenolol * Metoprolol * Propranolol * Carvedilol * Bisoprolol
28
ACE inhibitors work by blocking which enzyme system?
The production of angiotensin II
29
What are the three actions of ACE inhibitors?
* Decrease blood pressure * Decrease workload on the heart * Improve cardiac output
30
Angiotensin II receptor blockers are known as what?
Sartans
31
Calcium channel blockers may be used to treat what conditions?
* Hypertension * Angina
32
Vasodilators act directly on what?
* Arteries * Veins
33
Triglycerides and cholesterol are the two primary forms of what in the blood?
Lipid
34
Triglycerides function as what?
An energy source
35
Health behavior recommendations emphasize appropriate dietary intake of what?
Total cholesterol and saturated fat
36
Antilipemic drugs are considered what kind of therapy?
Adjunctive therapy to diet and lifestyle modifications
37
What are the four established classes of drugs used to treat dyslipidemia?
* Statins * Bile acid sequestrants * Fibrates * Niacin
38
Statins are the most potent drugs for reducing what?
LDL cholesterol
39
Bile acid sequestrants prevent the resorption of what?
Bile acids
40
Fibrates primarily affect what levels?
Triglyceride levels
41
When the heart's supply of blood is insufficient to meet its demands, it is called what?
Angina
42
What is the primary mechanism of action for nitrates?
Vasodilation
43
What is the most common undesirable effect of nitrates?
Headache
44
What do beta-blockers do to help in treating angina?
Decrease heart rate
45
Calcium channel blockers prevent calcium from entering into what process?
Excitation-contraction coupling
46
Hemostasis is a general term for what?
The process of blood clotting
47
When hemostasis occurs due to physiological clotting of blood, it is called what?
Coagulation
48
Anticoagulants work by what mechanism?
Inhibiting the clotting cascade
49
Drugs that prevent the formation of a clot by inhibiting clotting factors are called what?
Anticoagulants
50
Antiplatelet drugs work by what mechanism?
Inhibiting platelet aggregation
51
Thrombolytics re-establish blood flow by doing what?
Dissolving thrombi
52
Antifibrinolytic drugs prevent what?
Fibrinolysis

CATD120 (11 decks)

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