REVIEW HANDBOOK IN DIAGNOSTIC BACTERIOLOGY Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
the study of organisms that individually are too small to be seen by the naked eye
A
Microbiology
2
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
suggested that a disease was caused by “invisible living creatures”
A
Roman philosopher Lucretius (98-55 BC) Girolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553)
3
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
made the earliest microscopic observations on bees and weevils using a microscope probably supplied by Galileo
A
Francesco Stelluti (1625 and 1630)
4
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
first true microbiologist
A
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
5
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
first person to observe and describe microorganisms accurately (Father of Protozoology and Bacteriology)
A
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
6
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
discovered animalcules
A
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
7
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
theory stating that life arose from non-living matter
A
Spontaneous Generation
8
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
mentioned that simple invertebrates could arise from spontaneous generation
A
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
9
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
demonstrated that maggots do not rise spontaneously from decaying meat in 1668
A
Francesco Redi (1626-1697)
10
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
his findings were a serious blow to the long-held belief that large forms of life could arise from nonlife
A
Francesco Redi (1626-1697)
11
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
observed that boiled mutton broth eventually cloudy with microorganisms after pouring it into a flask and sealed tightly
A
John Needham (1748)
12
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
proposed that organic matter possessed a “vital force: that could give rise to life
A
John Needham (1748)
13
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
improved the previous experiments of Needham by heating the broth placed in a sealed jar
A
Lazarro Spallazani (1729-1799)
14
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
observed that no growth took place as long as the flasks with broth remained sealed
A
Lazarro Spallazani (1729-1799)
15
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
proposed that air carried microorganisms to culture medium and that might be the reason for the growth of organisms present already in the medium
A
Lazarro Spallazani (1729-1799)
16
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
concluded that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham’s solutions after they were boiled
A
Lazarro Spallazani (1729-1799)
17
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
showed the importance of oxygen to life
A
Laurent Lavoisier
18
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
concept of living cells arising only from preexisting living cells
A
Biogenesis
19
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
challenged spontaneous generation with the concept of “biogenesis”
A
Rudolf Virchow (1858)
20
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
observed that no growth occurred in a flask containing nutrient solution after following air to pass through a red-hot tube
A
Theodore Schwann (1810-1882)
21
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
resolved the issue of spontaneous generation
A
Louis Pasteur (1882-1895)
22
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
stated that microorganisms are indeed present in the air and can contaminate seemingly sterile solutions, however the air itself does not create microbes
A
Louis Pasteur (1882-1895)
23
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
showed that microorganisms can also be present in non-living matter
A
Louis pasteur (1882-1895)
24
Q
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
stated that microbial life can be destroyed by heat
A
Louis Pasteur
25
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
technique to prevent contamination by unwanted microorganism
Aseptic Technique
26
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
found that no matter how long some flasks were boiled, they always produced certain growth-heat resistant bacterial spores
Ferdinand Cohn
27
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
showed that dust carry germs which contaminates sterile broth
John Tyndall (1820-1893)
28
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
formed the concept of tyndallization
John Tyndall
29
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
form of sterilization for three consecutive days
tyndallization
30
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
stated that yeast cells were responsible for the conversion of sugars to alcohol
Theodore Schwann
31
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
basis of the concept pasteurization
Louis Pasteur
32
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
heating beer and wine just enough to kill most of bacteria is an example of a concept of:
pasteurization
33
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
T/F:
Fermentation was not due to microorganisms but due to a chemical instability that converted sugars to alcohol
TRUE
34
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
T/F:
Pasteur described that certain microorganisms known as yeast converts sugar to alcohol in the absence of air (fermentation)
TRUE
35
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
T/F:
Souring and spoilage of wine are caused by different microorganisms called bacteria
TRUE
36
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
Pasteur's THREE Contribution to Science
: disproved the theory of spontaneous generation
: developed vaccines against anthrax (1881) and rabies (1885)
: improved wine industry through theory of fermentation
37
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
created a porcelain bacterial filter (1884) and developed anthrax vaccine together with Pasteur
Charles Chamberland
38
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
demonstrated that routine handwashing can prevent spread of disease
Ignatz Semmelweis (1816-1865)
39
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
developed the antiseptic system of surgery
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
40
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
introduced British surgery to handwashing and the use of phenol as antimicrobial agent for surgical wound dressings
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
41
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
demonstrated the use of phenol for treating surgical wounds and also sprayed phenol over the surgical area
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
42
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
theory that is based on the concept that microorganisms might cause disease
Germ Theory of Disease
43
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
established the first proof that bacteria causes diseases
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
44
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
discovered Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax (1867-1877)
Robert Koch
45
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Robert Koch
46
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
was the first to culture bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin and used meat extracts and protein digests for cultivation
Robert Koch
47
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
developed culture media for observing growth of bacteria isolated from human body
Robert Koch
48
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
Koch's Postulates:
: microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy organisms
: the suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture
: same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
:same organism must be isolated again from the diseased host
49
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
suggested the use of agar as a solidifying agent
Fannie Eilshemius Hesse
50
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
developed petri dish (plate)
Richard Petri
51
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media
Martinus Beijenrick and Sergie Winogradsky
52
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
experimented on how people can be protected against small pox
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
53
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
collected scrapings from cowpox blisters and inoculated a healthy volunteer with cowpox material by scathing the person's arm with pox-contaminated needle
Edward Jenner
54
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
used the term "vaccine" for cultures of avirulent microorganisms use for preventive inoculation
Louis Pasteur
55
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
used attenuated culture known as vaccine
Latin: "vacca" = cow
Louis Pasteur
56
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
prepared antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus
Emil von Behring
57
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
the treatment of disease by using chemical substances; refers to chemical treatment of noninfectious disease such as cancer
chemotherapy
58
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
drugs prepared from chemical in the lab
synthetic
59
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
drugs produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against microorganisms
antibiotics
60
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
discovered salvarsan (arsphenamine) for treatment of syphilis
Paul Ehrlich
61
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
discovered penicillin (Penicillium notatum)
Alexander Fleming
62
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:
made the purification process for penicillin
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
63
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
an area of biologic science comprising three distinct, but highly interrelated, disciplines that include classification, nomenclature, and identification
Taxonomy
64
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
a formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things
based on the similarities and differences in genotype and phenotype
Taxonomy
65
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
Swedish botanist who laid down the basic rules for taxonomy categories (binomial system)
Carl von Linne
66
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
the organization or microorganisms that share similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits into specific groups or taxa
Classification
67
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
the arrangement of organisms into groups, preferably in a format that shows evolutionary relationships
Classification
68
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
Classification System in Order
```
Domain
Kingdom
Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Subspecies
```
69
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
What classification system?
composed of similar divisions; similarities of DNA and RNA
Kingdom
70
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
What classification system?
composed of similar classes
Division
71
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
What classification system?
main categories are Bacteria and Archaea (unicellular prokaryotic organisms)
Domain
72
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
What classification system?
composed of similar orders
Class
73
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
What classification system?
composed of similar families
Order
74
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
What classification system?
composed of similar genera
Family
75
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
What classification system?
composed of similar species
Genus
76
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
What classification system?
the basic group; collection of bacterial strains with common physiologic and genetic features
Species
77
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
What classification system?
species are further subdivided based on phenotypic differences
Subspecies
78
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
What classification system?
subspecies based on serologic differences
Serotype
79
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
What classification system?
subspecies based on biochemical differences
Biotype
80
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
the proper word for the name of species
Epithet
81
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
the naming of microorganisms according to established rules and guidelines
Nomenclature
82
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
provide accepted labels by which organisms are universally recognized
Nomenclature
83
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
In writing the genus name, first letter must be in (capital/small) letter then followed by the species epithet, which begins with a (capital/small) letter
capital; small
:both genus and species should be italized in print but underlined when written in script
84
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
T/F:
when bacteria are referred to as a group, their names are neither capitalized nor underlined
TRUE
:(example - staphylococci)
85
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
the process by which a microorganism's key features are delineated
Identification
86
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
the process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so that they may be placed in an overall taxonomic scheme
Identification
87
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
Phenotypic or genotypic characteristic?
relates to the genetic makeup of an organism
genotypic
88
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
Phenotypic or genotypic characteristic?
nature of the organism's genes and constituent nucleic acids
genotypic
89
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
Phenotypic or genotypic characteristic?
based on features beyond genetic level
phenotypic
90
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
Phenotypic or genotypic characteristic?
includes readily observable characteristics and those characteristics that may require extensive analytic procedures to be detected
phenotypic
91
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
Phenotypic or genotypic characteristic?
base sequencing of DNA
genotypic
92
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
Phenotypic or genotypic characteristic?
base sequencing of RNA to measure the degree of relatedness of two organisms
genotypic
93
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
Phenotypic or genotypic characteristic?
colony morphology
phenotypic
94
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
Phenotypic or genotypic characteristic?
staining
phenotypic
95
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
Phenotypic or genotypic characteristic?
nutritional requirements
phenotypic
96
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
Phenotypic or genotypic characteristic?
biochemical and susceptibility test result
phenotypic
97
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
characteristic useful in routine identification and phylogenetic information - morphology, physiology and metabolism, ecology, and genetic analysis
Classical characteristics
98
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
characteristic with phylogenetic or phyletic classification - based on evolutionary relationships instead of general resemblance
Classical characteristics
99
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
characteristic based on the study of nucleic acid composition and proteins
Molecular
100
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
population of organisms that is differentiated from populations within a particular taxonomic category
Strain
101
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
are variant prokaryotic strains characterized by biochemical or physiological differences
Biovars
102
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
strains with distinctive antigenic properties
Serovars
103
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:
are variant prokaryotic strains which differ morphologically
Morphovars
104
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
means nucleus, nut, or kernel
karyon
105
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
organisms that do not contain a true nucleus
prokaryotes
106
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
T/F:
Prokaryotes do not contain organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi apparatus
TRUE
107
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
Where do functions take place in a prokaryotic cell?
Cytoplasm/Cytoplasmic membrane
108
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
Bacteria are examples of (prokaryotes/eukaryotes).
Prokaryotes
109
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
T/F:
Bacteria are unicellular organisms that lack a true nucleus, a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles
TRUE
110
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
outermost structure of a bacterial cell
cell envelope
111
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
cell wall is also referred to as ______.
peptidoglycan or murein layer
112
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
a rigid structure that maintains the shape of the cell
cell wall
113
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
cell envelope is composed of ______.
outer membrane (Gram neg only)
cell wall
periplasm (Gram neg only)
plasma membrane
114
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
composed of disaccharide-pentapeptide subunits and is also made up of teichoic acid or lipoteichoic acid
cell wall
115
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
its synthesis and structure has been the primary target of antimicrobial agents
cell wall
116
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
serves as a point of anchorage for flagella
cell wall
117
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
T/F:
One of cell wall's functions is to prevent bacterial cells from rupturing when the osmotic pressure outside the cell is greater than the inside of the cell
FALSE
Cell wall prevents bacterial cells from rupturing when the osmotic pressure inside the cell is greater than the outside of the cell
118
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
determines the staining characteristics of a species
cell wall
119
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
Gram (-) / Gram (+)
composed of a very thick protective peptidoglycan layer
Gram (+)
120
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
Gram-positive cell wall consists of alternating --?
alternating N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyl-D-muramic acid (NAM)
121
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
Gram-positive cell wall contains teichoic acid that is (+/-) charged and contributes to the (positivity/negativity) of the cell wall
- ; negativity
122
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
bind and regulates the movement of cations into and out of the cell
cell wall
123
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
Gram-positive cell wall has antigenic polysaccharides on the surface of peptidoglycan layer usually for ______ testing
serological
124
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
T/F:
Penicillin acts by preventing synthesis of peptidoglycan
TRUE
125
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
composed of an outer membrane and inner thin peptidoglycan membrane
Gram-negative cell wall
126
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
The (outer/inner) membrane of a gram-negative cell wall is composed of proteins, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
outer
127
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
The (outer/inner) membrane of a gram-negative cell wall is the reason for high susceptibility to mechanical breakage
inner
128
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
A gram-negative cell wall contains _________ which is involved in peptidoglycan synthesis and has high concentration of degradative enzymes and transport proteins
periplasmic space
129
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
T/F:
Gram-negative cell wall contains teichoic acid
FALSE
Only Gram-positive cell walls have teichoic acid.
130
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
T/F:
Gram-negative cell wall has porins that contribute to the permeability of the cell wall
TRUE
131
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
T/F:
The strong negative charge of the outer membrane is an important factor in evading phagocytosis
TRUE
132
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria allows hydrophilic compounds to enter the cell through _____.
porins
133
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
Acts as a barrier to toxic substances from moving inside the cell
outer membrane
134
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
3 Regions of LPS
: Lipid - A
: Core polysaccharide
: Antigenic O specific polysaccharide
135
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
major constituent of lipopolysaccharide
Lipid A
136
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
Lipid A is an (endotoxin/exotoxin)
endotoxin
137
PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:
vital in evading host defenses; it contributes to the negative charge of the bacterial surface, and stabilizes membrane structure; it also considered as an endotoxin
LPS
