Review of Cardiovascular System

Question 1

heart

Answer 1

muscular pump which moves blood to lungs and other tissue of body

Question 2

systemic circulation

Answer 2

supplies tissue of body w/ nutrients and oxygen-rich blood

Question 2

types of circulations

Answer 2

systemic
pulmonary

Question 3

oxygenated blood in systemic circulation

Answer 3

returns FROM lung that is pumped FROM left ventricle THROUGH aorta and systemic arteries TO tissues where gas exchange occurs

Question 4

deoxygenated blood in systemic circulation

Answer 4

returns TO right atrium FROM superior vena cava

Question 5

deoxygenated blood in pulmonary circulation

Answer 5

pumped BY right ventricle THROUGH pulmonary arteries

Question 6

what kind of blood is in capillaries of lungs?

Answer 6

blood is oxygenated

Question 7

oxygenated blood in pulmonary circulation

Answer 7

return TO left atrium THROUGH pulmonary veins

Question 8

cardiac perfusion

Answer 8

heart itself receives blood through coronary arteries which branches off aorta

Question 9

when does heart receive blood

Answer 9

ONLY during relaxation d/t extreme pressure in heart during contraction

Question 10

what does changes in pressure in heart determine?

Answer 10

determines flow of blood in heart => opening and closing of valves

Question 11

blood moves along a what kind of pressure?

Answer 11

pressure gradient - high to low

Question 12

what does valve contribute to

Answer 12

unidirectional flow of blood

Question 13

diastole

Answer 13

opening av valves
closing semilunar valves

Question 14

opening av valves (diastole)

Answer 14

blood return to heart through atria - force AV valves open

atria contract, forcing additional blood into ventricles

Question 15

closing semilunar valves (diastole)

Answer 15

ventricular relaxation => ↓intraventicular pressure and blood flows back from arteries

Question 16

which sound does diastole do?

Answer 16

closing of semilunar valves - 2nd heart sound

Question 17

ventricular systole

Answer 17

closing av valves
opening semilunar valves

Question 18

closing av valves (systole)

Answer 18

papillary muscles contract to stabilize valves

ventricles contract, forcing blood against AV valves

Question 19

which sound does systole do?

Answer 19

av valves close - 1st heart sound

Question 20

opening semilunar valves (systole)

Answer 20

contraction of ventricles, force semilunar valves open

blood rushes into pulmonary arteries and aorta

Question 21

cardiac murmurs

Answer 21

abnormal sounds created by turbulemt blood flow in heart

Question 22

cardiac murmurs causes

Answer 22

pericardial rub, fluid overload and valve disease

Question 23

valve disorder occur most frequently where?

Answer 23

left side of heart

Question 24

valve disorders

Answer 24

mitral stenosis & regurgitation
aortic stenosis & regurgitation

Question 25

mitral stenosis

Answer 25

narrowing of valve b/w two left heart chambers

Question 26

mitral regurgitation

Answer 26

abrnomal leaking of blood backwards
FROM left ventricule, THROUGH mitral valves
- valve not closing properly

Question 27

aortic stenosis

Answer 27

aortic valve narrows and blood cannot flow normally

Question 28

aortic regurgitation

Answer 28

leaking of aortic valve of heart => blood flows in reverse direction during ventricular diastole
FROM aorta INTO left ventricle

Question 29

cardiac output

Answer 29

used to measure efficiency of heart to pump blood

Question 30

cardiac output formula

Answer 30

CO = HR x SV

Question 31

stroke volume

Answer 31

represent difference b/w amount of blood in ventricle after filling (EDV) and volume of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction (ESV)

Question 32

factors affecting stroke volume

Answer 32

preload
contractility
afterload

Question 33

preload

Answer 33

filling of ventricles ie. venous return (affects EDV)
- too little or excessive preload => ↓CO

Question 34

what does ↑HR and filling time result to

Answer 34

↓EDV and preload

Question 35

frank-starling mechanism

Answer 35

↑venous return stretches muscle fibers to generate more contractile force

Question 36

contractility

Answer 36

contractile strength idependent of muscle stretch

Question 37

afterload

Answer 37

pressure the ventricles must overcome to force semilunar valves open and eject blood into arteries

Question 38

cardiac reserve

Answer 38

max % increase of CO above normal resting levels - depends on preload

ie. ventricular filling, afterload
ie. resistance to ejection of blood from heart, contractility and HR