Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

behavioral neuroscience > Review Of Neuro Principles > Flashcards

Review Of Neuro Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What are neurons? What is their function?

A

Fundamental units of the nervous system that receive, conduct and transmit electrochemical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 components of an exon?

A

Cell body (soma), dendrites, axon, buttons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the soma?

A

To coordinate the processes that are critical to the cells survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of the dendrite?

A

Receive incoming signals from other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the axon?

A

Conduct signals from the cell body to other sites in the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the functions of buttons?

A

Signal transmission from neuron to other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the flow of signal recieved in neurons?

A

Dendrites to soma to axon to buttons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

To contain genetic material and direct synthesis of cells proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth and rough (due to ribosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

To package proteins and other molecules in the membranes for transport to other parts of the cell or release from the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria? Where are they most prevalent in neurons

A

Cell respiration and energy consumption, most prevalent in the cell body and buttons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of a neurofilament? Microtubules?

A

To provide skeletal support for the neuron. Microtubules transport substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are neurotransmitter molecules?

A

Molecules released from the terminal buttons of neurons and influence the activity of other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many types of neurotransmitters does a neuron release?

A

One or two kinds, some excite and some inhibit other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many neurotransmitters does each neuron release?

A

One or two kinds, some can excite or inhibit other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are synaptic vesicles?

A

Membrane sacs that store neurotransmitter molecules prior to release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the receptive area?

A

The total area of the dendrites and cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the synapse?

A

The narrow gap between each button and the receptive membrane of the next neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is neurotransmitter input received?

A

Buttons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the release of a neurotransmitter result in?

A

Produces a small electrical charge that can excite the post synaptic neuron (EPSP) or inhibit the post synaptic membrane (IPSP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens to EPSPs and IPSPs as they go down the axon? What is their function?

A

They get weaker and die out down the axon and function to influence the production of other electrochemical signals that do not die out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

Cone shape structure between the cell body and axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is an action potential (AP) produced?

A

Once the total level of excitation at the site exceeds the amount of inhibition (threshold of excitation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where are AP produced?

A

Axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a key characteristic of AP? How do they move down the axon?

A

All or nothing potentials. They move nondecrementally so they have the same power all the way down the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens when the AP reaches the button?

A

Triggers release of neurotransmitters (NT) that were stored in the synaptic vesicles

28
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The releasing of the neurotransmitter

29
Q

What occurs during exocytosis?

A

Synaptic vesicles bind to the pre synaptic membrane and split open to release contents into synapse

30
Q

Where do NT bind? What does it result in?

A

To the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and then induces an EPSP or IPSP

31
Q

What is the function of some glial cells?

A

To provide a physical framework to hold neurons in place, remove debris and foreign material, regulate passage of molecules from the blood to CNS neurons

32
Q

What is myelination?

A

Myelin is a fatty substance that can cover axons

33
Q

What type of axons do oligodendrocytes myelinated?

A

CNS

34
Q

What type of axons do Schwann cells myelinate? What other function do they have?

A

PNS. They promote axonal regeneration

35
Q

What is the benefit of having myelination?

A

Increasing the speed of axonal conduction (saltatory conduction) AP jump from node to node

36
Q

What is gray matter composed of?

A

Cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons

37
Q

What are ion channels?

A

Specialized pores in the neuron cell membrane where ions can pass. Either chemical or voltage gates. AP and postsynaptic potentials are based on the unequal charge

38
Q

What is the difference in chemical and voltage gated ion channels?

A

Chemical respond to neurotransmitter chemicals
Voltage respond to changes in the voltage across the membrane

39
Q

What are signal proteins?

A

Proteins that span the cell membrane 7 times and conduct signals into the neuron when their receptors are activated

40
Q

What are G proteins?

A

Protein molecule activated inside a neuron when a NT binds to the receptor on its signal protein

41
Q

What are ionotropic receptors? Metabotropoic?

A

Ionotropic Instantly and briefly open/close by binding NT to its receptor
Metabotropic associated with signal proteins and have slower and longer lasting affects

42
Q

What is the function of microglia? What type of cells are they?

A

Glial cells that help the immune system by engaging in phagocytosis

43
Q

What are two types of cells compose macroglia? What are their functions?

A

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes that assist in myelination of the CNS and PNS respectively

44
Q

What is the function of an astrocytes? What kind of cell are they?

A

Macroglia that are large star shaped cells that have projections that terminate on other astrocytes on blood vessels or on neurons to control the ionic environment of neurons and regulate the flow of certain chemicals from blood to neurons to created a blood-brain barrier

45
Q

In the CNS what are nuclei and tracts?

A

Nuclei are composed of cell bodies and the tracts are composed of axon

46
Q

In the PNS what are ganglia and what are nerves?

A

Ganglia are composed of cell bodies and nerves are composed of axons

47
Q

What is the function of tracts and nerves?

A

To conduct AP from one part of the nervous system to another

48
Q

What is the function of the ganglia and nuclei? What are they composed of?

A

To perform local analyses of neural signals, composed of neurons with very short or no axons

49
Q

What is the directionality of an AP?

A

Signal from soma- axon terminal - button - depolarize membrane

50
Q

What causes depolarization at the membrane?

A

NT bind to post synaptic receptors and ions flow in

51
Q

What determines the effect of neurotransmitters?

A

Post-synaptic receptor

52
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

On opposite sides

53
Q

What does ipsilateral mean?

A

Same side of the body

54
Q

What is the separation of frontal/coronal, saggital, and horizontal divisions?

A

Frontal/coronal- front and back
Saggital- left and right
Horizontal- top and bottom

55
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

56
Q

What composes the cerebral hemispheres (2)?

A

Gyri (bumps) and sulci (valley between gyri)

57
Q

What are the four directionalities for comparison?

A

Anterior, posterior, dorsal/superior, ventral/inferior

58
Q

What is the Sylvian fissure?

A

Separates the frontal and temporal lobe

59
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

Separates the frontal and parietal lobes

60
Q

What is the somatosensory cortex? Where is it located? What is its function?

A

Sensory input area located posterior to the central sulcus within the parietal lobe

61
Q

What is the pre central gyrus/ motor cortex? Where is it located? What is its function?

A

Muscle/ action reflex area that is anterior to the central sulcus within the frontal lobe

62
Q

How do neuroglia differ from neurons (4)?

A
  1. Do not form synapses
  2. Have one type of process
  3. Retain ability to divide
  4. Less electrically excitable than neurons
63
Q

What are unipolar cells? Pseudo-unipolar cells? How are they structured?

A

Unipolar have one cell process. Cell body to axon to dendrites. Pseudo unipolar start as bipolar then become unipolar skin attachment to cell body to central axon

64
Q

Where are bipolar cells present? How are they structured?

A

In the retina and olfactory bulb. Dendrites to axon to cell body to axon

65
Q

What are multipolar cells?

A

Most common type of neurons that are subset into golgi type II that are interneurons and type I which are large multipolar. Cell body- axon - attachment to skin and muscle

66
Q

What are the two types of neuron shape?

A

Pyramidal and purkinje

67
Q

What are ependymal cells? What is their function?

A

Type of glial cells with microvilli and cilia that move cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles

behavioral neuroscience (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions