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behavioral neuroscience > Development Of The Nervous System > Flashcards

Development Of The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neural plate? When is it noticeable in development?

A

A patch of cells on the dorsal surface of the human embryo after 18 days

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2
Q

What is the neural groove?

A

A groove developing down the center of the neural plate

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3
Q

What is the neural tube? What does it develop from?

A

Fluid filled tubes that developed from the neural groove

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4
Q

What is the neural crest?

A

Cells that break away from the edges of the neural plate. It is dorsal and lateral to the nerual tube

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5
Q

What do the neural crest and tube develop into?

A

Crest into PNS
Tube into CNS

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6
Q

What type are cells are present in the neural plate? What does this mean?

A

They are totipotent, can develop into any lands of cell

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7
Q

What are the six stages of early neural development?

A

Proliferation, migration, aggregation, process growth and synapse formation, neuron death, myelination

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8
Q

What occurs in proliferation? Where?

A

Cell division at the region of the neural tube adjacent to its fluid filled interior

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9
Q

What occurs during migration?

A

New cells travel to their specialized location along a temporary network of radial glial cells

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10
Q

What occurs during aggregation?

A

Neurons align themselves to form specific neural structures

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11
Q

What occurs during process growth and synapse formation?

A

Axons and dendrites grow out from the developing neurons and establish synaptic contacts

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12
Q

What is the growth cone? What is its function? When is it present?

A

At the tip of each dendrite it directions the growth of axons and dendrites to appropriate targets that is present during development

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13
Q

Is neuron death random in development?

A

No, neurons that have not developed efficient or effective synaptic contacts are most likely to die

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14
Q

Does neural proliferation occur at the same rate along the neural tube?

A

No, it is most present at the anterior end

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15
Q

What are the three swellings of the neural proliferation called?

A

Forebrain (prosencephalon) , midbrain (mesencephalon), hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

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16
Q

What are the five brain divisions present at week 5 of development?

A

Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon

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17
Q

What two divisions does the forebrain develop into?

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

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18
Q

What division foes the midbrain develop into during development?

A

Mesencephalon

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19
Q

What two divisions does the hindbrain develop into during development?

A

Metencephalon and myelencephalon

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20
Q

What is the chemo affinity theory?

A

Each postsynaptic target releases a specific chemical label and growing axons follow it up its concentration gradient

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21
Q

What is the blueprint theory?

A

Axons are programmed to follow particular trails through developing nervous systems

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22
Q

What is the pioneer growth cone?

A

First growth cone in the bundle of axons to reach the target, leader of the pack

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23
Q

What is fasciculation in axon growth?

A

The tendency for growing axons to grow along the same path as their neighbors

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24
Q

Which of the five divisions make up the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Telencephalon

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25
Q

Which of the five divisions of the brain make up the brain stem?

A

Diencephalon, mesencephalon, mentecephalon, myencephalon

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26
Q

What are broadmanns areas?

A

Cortical areas defined by crytoarchiecture (cell staining and type)

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27
Q

What is gray matter composed of? What is its function?

A

Cell bodies (soma) and processing

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28
Q

What is white matter composed of? What is its function?

A

Composed of myelinated axons that function in communication

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29
Q

What is the function of the insula?

A

Sensory perception, higher level thinking, and physiological perception of the body

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30
Q

What is the function of the longitudinal fissure?

A

Separates both hemispheres of the brain

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31
Q

What is the function of the corpus collusum? Where is it located?

A

Functions in communication between both hemispheres and is ventral/inferior to the longitudinal fissure, medial

32
Q

What is the function of the cingulate cortex? Where is it located?

A

Functions in neural interface, emotion, sensation, and action. Ventral/inferior to corpus collusum

33
Q

What’s the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Motor control

34
Q

What’s the function of the limbic system?

A

Processing emotion, memory, learning, sexual stimulation

35
Q

What is the function of the neuroendocrine system?

A

Long distance cell signaling

36
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

Memory

37
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

Brain stem, controls HR, RR

38
Q

What is the function of thalamus?

A

Sensory relay (2 lobes)

39
Q

What is the function of superior colliculi?

A

Visual reflexes

40
Q

What is the function of massa intermedia?

A

Connecting tissue between the two lobes of the thalamus

41
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

Hormone production and release

42
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

Emotion and fear

43
Q

What is the function of the mesencephalon?

A

Vision, caring, sleep/wake, temp regulation, dopamine start, arousal

44
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Melatonin production

45
Q

What is the function of the mammillary bodies?

A

Part of the limbic system. Memory consolidation and sense of direction

46
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Runs the show. Superior to the pituitary gland

47
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculi?

A

Auditory reflexes, inferior to mammillary bodies

48
Q

What is the function of the caudate?

A

Basal ganglia, movement, reward

49
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Located in the mid brain, sleep and arousal

50
Q

What is the function of the ventricles?

A

Interconnected cavities where the cerebrospinal fluid is produced

51
Q

How much of the daily caloric intake does the brain use?

A

25%

52
Q

In gastrulation what do the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm develop into?

A

Ectoderm- nervous system
Mesoderm- notochord- signals formation of neural plate

53
Q

What is the sonic hedgehog gene? What happens when it is defected?

A

Gene that codes for signaling protein that is important in closing the anterior midline of neural tubes and ventral hind brain neurons
Results in spinal bifida

54
Q

What are neural precursor cells?

A

Cells that develop into neural and glial cells

55
Q

When are the prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon visible?

A

4 weeks

56
Q

What does the telencephalon develop into?

A

Thalamus and cortex

57
Q

Where do neurons and glial cells derive from?

A

Ventricular zone

58
Q

What are astrocytes? What is their function?

A

Brain immune system cells that function to rid unused or unneeded material

59
Q

What are CAMs?

A

Chemical proteins that promote adhesion and telling neurons where to go

60
Q

Are radial glia temporary or permanent?

A

Temporary, they differentiate into astrocytes or neurons

61
Q

When does axon and dendrite formation occur?

A

Axon formation first and dendrites formation post migration

62
Q

What are filopedia?

A

Growth cones that adhere to CAMs to pull growth cone in

63
Q

What is exuberant synapotgensis?

A

Boom of growth and synaptic connection formation

64
Q

What are neurotrophins? What is their function?

A

Neurotrophic factors that induce the development, survival and function of neurons. Prevent apoptosis and encourage differentiation

65
Q

What is NGF? What is it important for?

A

Nerve growth factor, important for sensory neurons

66
Q

What is BDNF? What is it important for?

A

Brain derived neurotrophic factor, CNS/PNS enhances synapotegenisis and neuroplaciticity

67
Q

When does myelination occur?

A

After differentiation around synaptogenesis

68
Q

In what direction does myelination occur?

A

Caudal to rostral. Spinal cord- hindbrain- midbrain- forbrain

69
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

Snipping out synapses that are not being used and use the energy somewhere else

70
Q

What is Hebbs Rule?

A

Cells that fire together wire together

71
Q

What is a Teratogen?

A

Any agent that can disturb the development of an embryo or fetus. Relies mostly on chemical factors

72
Q

What are the three stages of neural Darwinism?

A
  1. Lay down neural anatomy
  2. Experimental selection
  3. Re-entry
73
Q

What mature parts of the brain does the diencephalon form into?

A

Pineal gland, epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, hypothesis, optic cup

74
Q

What is the dura matter compared?

A

Tough fibrous connective tissue

75
Q

What does the subarachnoid space contain?

A

Blood vessels and web like processes of arachnoid layer

76
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Support, nourish and cushion the brain

77
Q

How many cerebral ventricles are there?

A

Lateral (cerebral hemispheres), third (diencephalon), fourth (mentencephalon)

behavioral neuroscience (5 decks)

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