Review of the Cell

Question 1

Cell Theory

Answer 1

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. Cell is the structural unit of life
3. Arise by division from a preexisting cell
   4.Have genetic information in the form of DNA. Information is passed from parent to daughter cell.

Question 2

Basic Properties of Cells

Answer 2

1.Respond to stimuli
2.Capable of self regulation
3.Evolve
4.Reproduce by division
5.Complex and Organized
6.Contain genetic information
7. acquire and use energy
8. carry out an array of different chemical reactions
7. involved in mechanical activities.

Question 3

Cells respond to stimuli

Answer 3

Cells have receptors that allow them to interact with their environment

Question 4

Cells are capable of self regulation

Answer 4

-Respond and keep a state of homeostasis
-requires a highly complex and organized set of molecular tools

Question 5

Cells Evolve

Answer 5

-evolved from a single common ancestral cell
-different cells share many features including genetic code, membrane, ribosomes

Question 6

Cells reproduce by division

Answer 6

Eg. Hela cells- cancer cells

Question 7

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

Answer 7

Prokaryotes (bacteria): do not have membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotes (Animals, fungi, plants, protist): Have membrane bound organelles

Question 8

Comparison: place here

Question 9

Covalent bond

Answer 9

A chemical bond in which electron pairs are shared between two atoms

Question 10

Polar molecules (partial charges)

Answer 10

Hydrophilic

uneven distribution of charge because the component atoms have different electronegativities.

Question 11

Nonpolar molecules

Answer 11

Hydrophobic

Covalent bonds have nearly symmetric distribution of charge because atoms have approximately the same electronegativities.

Question 12

Side Chains: Nonpolar

Answer 12

Hydrophobic side is mainly C and H atoms. Play an role in membranes by associating with the lipid bilayer.

Question 13

Side Chains: Polar

Answer 13

Uncharged: hydrophilic. Have partial charges to participate in chemical reactions.
Charged: Acts as acid and base that is fully charged.

Question 14

Noncovalent Bond

Answer 14

A relatively weak chemical bond based on attractive forces between oppositely charged regions

Question 15

Ionic bond (relatively weak in a cellular context)

Answer 15

electrostatic interactions that occurs between groups of opposite charges

Question 16

Hydrogen Bond

Answer 16

Electrostatic interaction between hydrogen atoms (w/ more electronegative atom) and a second electronegative atom

Question 17

Van der Waals interactions

Answer 17

-Weak attractive force due to transient asymmetries of charge within adjacent atoms or molecules.

adjacent atoms comes close enough that their outer electron clouds touch.

Question 18

Hydrophobic Effect

Answer 18

Tendency of nonpolar molecules to aggregate (gather) in order to minimize their collective interaction with surrounding polar water molecules.

Basis for the formation of lipid bilayer membranes

Question 19

Cells are complex and organized

Answer 19

Highly ordered and consistent

Question 20

Cells contain genetic information

Answer 20

Cells store, use, and transmit genetic information

Question 21

Cells acquire and use energy

Answer 21

Almost all energy used by life is derived from the sun

Question 22

Cells carry out an array of different chemical reactions

Answer 22

Almost all chemical changes require enzymes to increase the reaction rate