Review Questions 1 History Flashcards
What approach do Conrad and Finkel take to the study of the past? (3)
*Weave together Canada’s: - economic
- political
- social
-cultural
History
- Explain how various peoples made Canada their home before 1867.
- identify emerging trends that have lasting impact on various colonial societies
What are some of the difficulties involved in studying the history of First Nations in the period before contact? (7)
- no archival sources
- each account may suggest different conclusions
*time\
Eroded evidence
*tides/
- each nation own version of pre-contact history
- oral tradition: recreated past with present-day interests
- distorted info by scholars
What were the major similarities between Algonquian and Iroquoians in the pre-contact era? (5)
- decentralized authority: consent rather than coercion
- social order: -no jails
- Shaming
- Expulsion in worst cases
- Strong family role
- Blood feuds (retribution, restitution and revenge)
- Tolerant attitude toward children
- Relaxed attitude toward sexual practices - trade: -necessities
- Algonquian (furs) with Iroquoian (corn and tobacco)
- Established a connection (social bond/trust and alliances)
- Reciprocity: obtained wealth shared with community - religion: -animism
- Regulated everyday life
- Shamans: spiritual guidance - women status: generally held more social power than European women could claim.
What were the major differences between Algonquian and Iroquoians in the pre-contact era? I(8) A(5)
*Iroquoian: sedentary. *Algonquian: nomadic
Farmers (3 sisters) Hunters (govern by seasons)
Confederacies.
Matrilineal. Patrilineal
Mourning wars
Matriarchal (chiefs) Patriarchal (chiefs)
Long houses. Wigwams
Denser population
What were the most significant similarities in European and Aboriginal cultures? (5)
- religion important part of culture
- trading important activity
- warfare constantly involved
- farming
- activities based in gender
What were the most significant differences in European and Aboriginal cultures? (7)
*religion: Aboriginal–> animism
European–> mainly catholic
*class system: aboriginal--> egalitarian
European--> rigid
*literacy: aboriginal–>oral
European–>written
*languages
*judicial system: Aboriginal–> shaming
European–> courts
*social order: Aboriginal–> centralized
European–> decentralized
*gender status: Aboriginal–> women increased autonomy
European–> patriarchal
What forces drew Europeans across the Atlantic? (4)
- alternative routes to Asia
- spices
- gold
- curiosity (exemplified by Renaissance)
Why did First Nations forge alliances with the Europeans? (4)
- trade goods: -iron pots
- kettles
- firearms
- knives
What as the impact of Aboriginal-European interactions for each group? (Aboriginal) (6)
- conversion to catholic faith
- Internal divisions due to conversion
- getting used and depended to the European goods
- alcohol
- diseases
- changing status of native women(due to conversion)
What as the impact of Aboriginal-European interactions for each group? (European) (3)
- had to accommodate aboriginal practice by exchanging personnel necessity
- learn aboriginal languages, in particular Huron
- intermarriage to Aboriginal women: wedding according to her culture
What accounts for the destruction of Huronia and what was its impact? R(2) I(4)
REASONS
1) commercial wars–> to gain access to beaver pelts since they depleted their reservoir
2) mourning wars–> Gain captives to strengthen the Iroquois Confederacy
IMPACT
1) major lost for french (allies)
2) French military reinforcement
3) New France could not survive simply as a fur trade post
4) relocation of survivors (Christian Island, Five Nations, Quebec)
Explain term: frontier (2)
Natural environment\
New World
Human inhabitants. /
Explain term: metropolis (2)
Mother country
Puppet-masters
Why did France make Canada (New France?) a royal colony?
What changes did this introduced? (4)
By the 1660’s the French fur trade was nearly destroyed,and the FRench hold in North America was crumbling. Hoping to rebuild the French empire in North America Louis XIV declared New France a royal colony.
CHANGES INTRODUCED
1) administrative structure
2) military security
3) population increase
4) economic development
How did mercantilism influenced the development of New France? (7)
1) New France important to France: provided a market for manufacture and raw materials
2) creation of compact colony policies by Colbert
3) promotion the development of agriculture
4) supervising the distributions of imported horses, cattle, etc
5) encourage cultivation of hemp and flax
6) built a brewery
7) retarded colonial economic development
Explain the term: theocracy (3)
Absolute power by the church.
Excessive authority–>making them more dependant
Dominant rule of church in colonial life
Explain the term: benevolent paternalism (10)
Kindly figure taking in account the needs of the children–> exceptions from general rules prevailing in the metropolis.
Colonial administration concern with:
1) poor relief
2) Hospitalization &medical care
3) welfare provisions
4) building regulation
5) price control–> market place regulated
6) supervision of church’s charitable and educational institutions–> subsidized by govt.
7) land was free
8) no direct taxation
9) individual and collective responsibility for the needs of all
10) blind eye–> illegal trade with English
Did the frontier environment of Canada seem to benefit colonial women? (3 and 3)
They were challenged to adapt their traditional notion of gender role to colonial environment.
In favour: (Jan Noel)
1) Custom of Paris ensured men couldn’t sell property and destitute women and children
2) flexible gender roles (I.e. artisans)
3) women took charge of business, farming, etc due to conditions in the colony (warfare, fur trade)
Against:(Micheline Dumont)
1) by XVIII there wasn’t a women scarcity like in XVIII that women were valued
2) cultural patriarchal norm: male authority head of family, church, militia…
3) just seen as reproducers and caretakers
4) privileges confused with experience of all women
