REVIEW QUESTIONS Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
What is Communication?
A
Process by which two or more people share information
2
Q
Why do people share information?
A
Request
Reject
Comment
3
Q
Communication needs
A
a sender and a receiver
4
Q
4 Processes of Communication
A
- Formulation
- Transmission
- Reception
- Comprehension
5
Q
What does the sender do?
A
Formulates and then transmits the information being conveyed
6
Q
What does the receiver do?
A
Receives and then comprehends the information
7
Q
What is feedback?
A
information provided by the receiver to the sender. Makes communication active and dynamic
8
Q
What ways to we communicate?
A
rejection (turning away)
smiling
frowning
tight lip
9
Q
What’s the purpose of communication?
A
Provide and solicit information
10
Q
What is modality?
A
manner in which information is transmitted and received
11
Q
What ways do we use modalities to communicate
A
Speech Sign Language Electronic Reading writing tweet, IM, Facebook
12
Q
Define speech
A
the neuromuscular process that allows humans to express language as a vocal product
How we transmit the message that we have formulated in our brains
13
Q
What is language?
A
Language is a socially shared code that uses a conventional system of arbitrary symbols, including words and sounds to represent ideas about the world to others
Socially shared
code
conventional system
representational tool
14
Q
How is language different from speech?
A
Speech is the primary means by which language is transmitted
Language is used for formulation and comprehension
Speech is used for transmission
15
Q
What is Universality
A
a feature of language
language is ubiquitous
language is complex and every culture has one or many languages
16
Q
What is species specificity
A
a feature of language
Language is a human capacity
animals other than humans use iconic communication
17
Q
Iconic communication
A
what most animals use to communicate
There is a transparent relationship between what is being communicated and how it is being communicated
18
Q
What is productivity?
A
a feature of language
a principle feature of combination
a small number of discrete units into seemingly infinite novel creations
we can produce an endless number of ideas and new constructions
40 sounds = almost infinite # of words
19
Q
What are the 3 rule governed domains of language?
A
Content- meaning
Form- rules
Use- social
20
Q
How are the 3 domains of language broken down to be more refined?
A
Content- the meaning of language. Conveyed through vocabulary
Form- how words, sentences, and sounds are organized and arranged to convey content
Use- how language is used functionally to meet personal and social needs
21
Q
What are the 5 refined domains of language?
A
semantics (words) CONTENT syntax (grammar) FORM morphology (intraword) FORM phonology (sounds) FORM pragmatics (appropriateness) USE
22
Q
Speech involves precise activation of muscles…
A
Respiration
Phonation
Articulation
23
Q
What are the four essential building blocks of normal speech?
A
- Breath Stream
- Voice
- Articulation
- Fluency
24
Q
How does hearing impact communication?
A
Hearing is essential to reception and comprehension
25
Acoustics is...
the study of sound
26
The 4 sound fundamentals are...
1. Creation of sound by source
2. Vibration of air particles
3. Reception by ear
4. Comprehension by the brain
27
Communication needs...
a sender and a receiver
28
Sender
the person who formulates and then transmits the information being conveyed
29
Receiver
the person who receives and then comprehends the information
30
What is the most common modality for humans?
speech
31
What is feedback? Why is it important
information provided by the receiver to the sender.
Important because it makes communication active and dynamic
32
What are the 7 categories of communication?
1. Instrumental
2. Regulatory
3. Interactional
4. Personal
5. Heuristic
6. Imaginative
7. Informative
33
Speech
used for transmission
The neuromuscular process by which we turn language into a sound signal that is transmitted through the air to a reciever
Involves voice and articulators
34
Features of Language
1. Universality
2. Species Specific
3. Productivity
4. Rate of acquisition
35
Communication breakdown
when the sender and receiver are not on the same page
36
Frequency
how fast particles (of sound) move back and forth
| Pitch
37
Intensity
How far apart the particles move back and forth
| Loudness
38
Morphology
internal organization of words
| words can be manipulated, or morphed to take on a different meaning
39
Phoneme
the smallest unit of sound. distinct sounds that can be made within a language
40
Phonology
rules of language governing sounds we use to make syllables and words
41
Pragmatics
the rules of language governing how language is used in society
42
Semantics
Rules of language governing the meaning of individual words and word combinations
43
Speech Perception
the processing of human speech (different than auditory perception)
44
Syntax
the rules of language governing the internal organization of sentences (word order rules)
45
Cultural Competence
The ability of service providers to recognize, honor and respect beliefs, styles, and behaviors of the individuals and families they serve.
An ability to interact effectively with people from different cultures and socio-economic backgrounds
46
Cultural tendencies
Patterns of behavior and values that are commonly observed among members of a culture.
47
African American English
A dialect of standard American English that is a rule-governed systematic linguistic system
48
Code switching
involves using different linguistic styles for different situations
49
Sequential bilingual acquisition
learners are exposed to the first language during infancy and to the second language at a later point
50
English Language Learners
Students who are learning English as their second language
Often over referred for special education services
51
Language Loss
Demonstrating language loss with respect to the first language as the second language becomes dominate
Great care should be taken in evaluations to account for language loss
52
Ethnocentrism
the view that members of one's own culture do things the "right way" and members of other cultures do things in a way that is unnatural, inferior, or barbaric
53
Multi-cultural
A society characterized by a diversity of cultures with varieties of religions, languages, customs, traditions, and values
54
Silent Period
When students are first exposed to a second language, many will go through a silent period in the second language and sometimes in the first language as well
55
Simultaneous bilingual acquisition
when two languages are acquired simultaneously from infancy or shortly thereafter
56
Stereotype
a fixed, oversimplified image of members of a community
57
What makes a functional communicator?
a communicator who can formulate, transmit, receive, and comprehend information
58
Communication Disorder
When a person has significant difficulty in one or more aspects of communication. Significant enough to adversely affect an individual's ability to participate in the home, school, work, or community
59
Biological Systems involved in Communication
```
Hearing
Vision
Articulators
Hemispheres of the Brain
Larynx
Respiratory System
```
60
What could happen if one biological system of communication fails?
A communication impairment
61
Communication disorder vs Communication different
Culture may influence the way a person communicates, resulting in a communication difference
62
Cultural Identity
the culture a person identifies with
| likely influenced by many dimensions
63
Types of Communication Disorders
Disorders of Language
Disorders of Speech
Disorders of Hearing Loss
Disorders of feeding and swallowing
64
When vocal folds are brought together they are...
approximated
65
Articulation
the act of manipulating air flow submitted by the phonatory system to create highly precise speech sounds
66
Chief articulators:
```
Maxilla
Mandible
Lips
Teeth
Hard and soft palates
tongue
```
67
Maxilla
upper jaw
| does not move during speech production
68
Mandible
Lower jaw
Able to open and close and move side to side
important to producing specific speech sounds
69
Tongue
consists of the tip, blade, and root
most important articulator
manipulated in some principal way in the production of all sounds
70
Teeth
articulators used for the production of several sounds, though sometimes have little articulatory role
71
Hard Palate
part of the roof of the mouth
| spans from alveolar ride to the end of the body par of the roof of the mouth
72
Soft Palate
part of the roof of the mouth
aka velum
extends from the hard palate to the uvula
73
Alveolar ridge
hard bump behind the front of teeth
74
Uvula
portion of the soft palate that hangs like a teardrop in the back of the oral cavity
75
Velum
soft palate
76
Tip
Blade
Root
(of tongue)
apex
front body
dorsum- sits deep within mandible
77
Voiced vs. unvoiced
Voiced = vibrating vocal folds
78
Broca's Area
Important for communication
posterior portion of the left frontal lobe
responsible for fine coordination of speech ouput
79
Heschl's Gyrus
aka auditory cortex
represented bilaterally in the left and right hemispheres
80
Wernicke's area
within left hemisphere
highly specialized site for language comprehension
81
Cranial Nerves
12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the brain
82
What do the CN do?
carry information back and forth between the brain and the rest of the body
83
Auricle
visible portion of the outer ear
aka pinna
consists of cartilage covered by skin
(earlobe (lobule), tragus, helix))
84
Cochlea
opens off the other side of the vestibule and consists of a single, luid=filled canal that serves as the organ of hearing
long, body canal, coiled 2 1/2 times into a snail shape
85
Deglutition
the act of swallowing
86
Hyoid bone
a horseshoe-shaped bone that floats horizontally at the base of the neck
Larynx is suspended from it.
87
Communicative competence-
the knowledge and implicit awareness that speakers of a language have and use to communicate effectively in that language.
88
Communicative performance
describes a speaker’s actual speech behavior
89
Joint attention
simultaneous engagement of two or more individuals in mental focus on a single external object or event.
90
Lexicon
mental dictionary. For each word learned, infants create an entry in their lexicon, similar to the boldfaced words in dictionaries
91
MLU
mean length of utterance. Average number of words per utterance
92
Vocabulary spurt
aka word spurt/naming explosion. A remarkable increase in the rate of vocabulary acquisition where children will learn 7-9 words/day.
93
What are the parts of the outer ear?
* Auricle
* External auditory canal
* Tympanic membrane
94
Why is the outer ear important for hearing? What does it do?
* Serves as the entry point into the human hearing apparatus for sound waves
* Funnel shape helps gather sound waves and channel them inward
95
What are the parts of the middle ear?
• Eustachian tube
o Runs from middle ear to the pharynx and serves as a pressure equalizing tube for the middle ear space
• Malleus, incus, and stapes bones---ossicles (form ossicular chain)
96
Why is the middle ear important for hearing? What does it do?
• Vibrations of the TM (sound waves) are converted into mechanical energy through the three ossicles
97
What are the parts of the inner ear?
* Fluid filled cavity deep inside the temporal bone/behind eye socket
* Vestibule
* Semicircular canals
* Cochlea
98
Why is the inner ear important for hearing? What does it do?
• Converts the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy
99
What is the auditory nerve? Which CN is it?
* Part of cranial nerve VIII (8)
* The hairs of the organ of Corti are connected to the bundle of nerve fibers that exits the cochlea and travels to the brain
100
Where does the auditory signal go once it has arrived at the auditory nerve?
• Transports the auditory information (now in the form on neural energy) from the cochlea to the brain stem, midbrain, and finally the cerebrum
101
What are the U.S. demographics?
* 23.1 M reported speaking another language other than English in 1980
* 57.1 M reported speaking another language other than English in 2010
* Languages being spoken are shifting (English & European Languages to Spanish)
102
How is the U.S. population changing?
* Overall population is growing
| * # of ELLs increase by 51% (1997-2009)
103
Why is it important for SLPs to be culturally competent?
* Distinguish cultural differences form disorders
* Avoid mislabeling or misdiagnosing
* Recognize cultural and linguistic differences
104
What is multiculturalism?
• A society in which people from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds, socioeconomic groups, age groups, geographic areas, and other variables come together
105
What is diversity?
* Concept encompasses acceptance and respect
* Understanding that each individual is unique
* Recognizing and respecting individual differences
106
What is disability culture?
• Disability can be represented as a culture, though the range of differences among the disabled is enormous
107
What is a disability?
• Someone who has a major life impairment preventing them from participating easily in a major activity such as walking, seeing, hearing, thinking
108
Define Equity
* Refers to the principle of fairness
* Often used interchangeably with equality
* Equity is the process, equality is the outcome
109
Articulation impairment
* The inability to articulate certain speech sounds correctly
* Often includes distortions or other sound substitution errors
110
Dialect
• A speech and language variation that is characteristic of a group of speakers from a particular region within a country
111
Foreign accent
Speech in which characteristics are carried over from one language into another
112
International phonetic alphabet
• A phonetic alphabet that includes symbols to represent the sounds in al natural languages of the world
113
Manner of production
• Describes how a sound is produced
114
Phonological impairment
• Involves the rules that govern sound patterns in a given language
115
Placement of production
• Describes where a sound is produced
116
Speech sound disorder
* An impairment of an individual’s sound system that results in a significant problem with speech sound production
* Substitutions, omissions, deletion of sounds, addition of sounds, can be specific or sound patterns
117
Speech variation
* The differences in speech that arise from a dialect or foreign accent
* Normal aspect of language
118
Voicing parameters for English Cs
* Place of production
* Manner of production
* voicing
119
What is communicative competence?
• The knowledge and implicit awareness that speakers of a language have and use to communicate effectively in that language
120
What is communicative performance?
• Describes a speaker’s actual speech behavior
121
Can you give examples of communicative competence?
* Modifying vocabulary choices, sentence structure, pitch, volume, body posture
* Speaking in grammatically correct sentences
* Has a sense of how, where, when, and with whom to speak
122
What are the two main characteristics needed for communication competence?
* Pragmatic Competence
| * Linguistic Competence
123
Can you give examples of linguistic vs pragmatic competence?
* Linguistic aspects relate to the nature and structure of language and include phonological competence, grammatical competence, lexical competence, and discourse competence
* Pragmatic aspects relate to the social contexts in which we use language. Take conversational partner’s attitudes, values, and beliefs into account when communicating
124
What are the three developmental phases that characterize infancy?
* Phase 1: Birth-6 months
* Phase 2: 6 months- 1 year
* Phase 3: 1 yr +
125
When does joint attention emerge?
• Phase 2
126
When does intentional communication emerge?
• 7-12 months
127
What are rituals of infancy?
* Feeding
* Bathing
* Dressing
* Sleeping
128
• Reflexive stage
0-2months
129
Can you ID the language milestones by number of months
* Reflexive stage 0-2months
* Control of Phonation 1-4months
* Expansion 3-8months
* Basic Canonical Syllables 4-10months
* Advanced Forms 9-18months
* Emergence of Intentionality 7-12months
130
What is non-reduplicated babbling?
• Nonrepeating consonant-vowel combinations
131
What is reduplicated babbling?
• Repeating consonant-vowel pairs
132
How many words does a typical 12-18 month know?
• 50 expressively
133
How many words do preschoolers typically learn in a day
• 2.4 root words per day
134
When do the “pre-school years start?”
• 3-5 years
135
What is contextualized language? Can you give an example?
* Rooted in the here and now
| * “give me that”
136
What is decontextualized language? Can you provide an example?
* Beyond the hear and now
| * “my mom made me a cake yesterday”
137
What is emergent literacy?
• Used to explain a child’s knowledge of reading and writing before learning to read and write
138
What is literate language?
* Language that is used to monitor and reflect on experience, and reason about, plan, and predict experiences
* Requires the child to use language without the aid of context cues to support meaning
139
What is a speech variation?
* Differences in speech that arise from a dialect or foreign accent
* Normal aspect of speech
140
What are the three aspects of speech variation?
* The nature of dialects and foreign accents
* The speech characteristics of dialects and foreign accents (to distinguish speech difference from speech disorder)
* The standards in a child’s speech community that may affect a child with SSD
141
What is IPA?
• International Phonetic Alphabet
142
What are the three broad parameters of English Consonants?
* 1. Place of production
* 2. Manner of production
* 3. Voicing
143
How are vowels characterized?
* Tongue height
* Tongue advancement
* Roundness
* Tension
144
What is the normal acquisition of specific speech sounds?
* Prelinguistic (birth-1yr)
* First Words (12-18mo)
* Phonemic Period (18mo-4yrs)
* Stabilization Period (4-8yrs)
145
Reflexive stage
0-2months
146
Control of Phonation
1-4months
147
Expansion
3-8months
148
Basic Canonical Syllables
4-10months
149
Advanced Forms
9-18months
150
Emergence of Intentionality
7-12months
151
Voice Disorders
* Difficulties with voice production
| * Is caused by damage to the vocal chords or misuse of voice
152
Two major Motor Speech Disorders
Apraxia and Dysarthria
153
Motor Speech Disorders
• Attributable to a dysfunction of nervous system, which controls one’s physical stream of speech
154
Cultural Relativism
• Everyone has a different way of doing things and they are all equally valid
155
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)
• The process of finding the most effective way of a client’s plan by implementing different perspectives through the clinician’s observations
156
3 perspectives of EBP
o scientific evidence
o clinical expertise
o client perspective
157
Phonation’s Key structures
* Pharynx
* Larynx
* Trachea
158
• Dendrites
receive signals
159
• Axons
transmit signals
160
Synapse
junction where the axon transmits signals to other neurons
161
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that carry information from one neuron to another.
162
Myelination
most axons are coated in myelin. It contributes to the rapid relay of nerve impulses and helps in protecting the neuron
163
Brain is Divided into 3 units
• 1. Forebrain• 2. Midbrain• 3. Hindbrain
164
Forebrain
o the largest and most developed unit of the brain. Mainly consists of the cerebrum (holds memories), allows you to make plans and enables you to image and think
165
Midbrain
o located at the uppermost part of the brainstem. Controls some reflex actions. Associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal, alertness, and temperature regulation
166
Hindbrain
includes the upper part of the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebellum. It controls the body’s vital functions such as respiration and heart rate.
167
Lobes of the brain
* Frontal
* Parietal
* Occipital
* Temporal
168
• Frontal
o Largest of the lobes
o Located behind the forehead
o Main functions are motor planning and execution
• Left frontal lobe is involved in language and related movement
• Right frontal lobe controls mostly nonverbal activities
169
• Parietal
o Located behind the frontal lobe
• Helps with comprehension or oral and written communication
Solving word problems
Sitting in a lecture
170
• Occipital
o Located behind the parietal lobe
• Receives and processes visual information
• Allows the distinction of words and helps with reading
171
• Temporal
o Located behind the frontal lobe and below the parietal lobe
o Main functions:
• auditory processing
• smell
• long-term memory
• emotional responses
• Right temporal lobe: recognizing faces and talking
• Left: remembering spoken language and recognizing words
172
Linguistic Competence
* Phonological
* Grammatical
* Lexical
* Discourse
173
Pragmatic Competence
* Functional
* Sociolinguistic
* Interactional
* cultural
174
o Form refinement
mastering complex syntax or advanced grammatical structure
175
o Context Refinement
development of student’s lexicon
