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Pathophys Exam 1 > Review Questions > Flashcards

Review Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

Which cells do not divide regularly, but can be stimulated to divide (can enter cell cycle if needed) and are located in parenchymal (solid) organs such as the liver and kidneys.

A

Quiescent Cells/Stable Cells

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2
Q

What are the 4 most important cells involved in wound healing?

A
  • Leukocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Connective Tissue Cells
  • Epithelial cells

(PMN’s play a brief scavenging role, then macrophages stay)

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3
Q

Which 3 cells participate in wound healing?

A
  1. Myofibroblasts
  2. Angioblasts
  3. Fibroblasts
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4
Q

Which cell in wound healing?

  • Hybrid properties of both smooth muscle cells and Fibroblasts
  • They contract within first few days of healing (reducing defect)
  • Holds margins of tissue in close approximation
A

Myofibrobasts

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5
Q

Which cell in wound healing?

  • Precursors of blood vessels that proliferate like sprouts from several small blood vessels at margins of wound
  • Appear 2 - 3 days after incision
  • By 5th - 6th day newy formed blood vessels are all over the field (allows for influx of blood w/ O2 and nutrients)
A

Angioblasts

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6
Q

Which cell in wound healing?

  • Produce most of the extracellular matrix:
    • Fibronectin- tensile strength to connective tissue matrix and glues other substances and cells together
    • Collagen- wound initially w/ type 3 collagen (immature/young) laid by fibroblasts
A

Fibroblasts

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7
Q
  • Necrotic tissue attracts Calcium Salts and frequently undergoes calcification
  • Macroscopic deposition of calcium in injured/dead tissues
  • Visible to naked eye
  • Gritty/sand-like grains to firm, rock hard material
A

Dystrophic Calcification

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8
Q
  • Calcifications in atherosclerotic coronary arteries (contributes to narrowing of vessels)
  • Calcifications of mitral or aortic valves (leads to impeded blood flow/stenosis)
  • **Calcifications seen around breast cancers, visualized on mammography**
  • Infant periventricular calcifications seen in congenital Toxoplasmosis
A

Examples of Dystrophic Calcifications

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9
Q
  • Deranged Calcium Metabolism (NOT CELL INJURY)
  • Associated w/ increased serum calcium levels (leads to deposition of calcium in other locations)
A

Metastatic Calcifications

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10
Q
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Vitamin D toxicity
  • Chronic Renal Failure
  • Formation of Calcium stones in gallbladder, kidney, and bladder are due to precipitation of salts from solution into tissues
A

Examples of Metastatic Calcifications

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11
Q
  • Dead tissue is due to what?
A
  • Infarction
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12
Q

Hypoxic tissue is due to what?

A

Ischemia

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13
Q

What predisposes a patient to events of thrombosis and emboli?

A

Atherosclerosis

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14
Q

Result in localized ischemia and subsequent cerebral infarction

A

Both thrombosis and embolic events

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15
Q

Cerebral infarcts are designated as which 2 things?

A
  • Hemorrhagic
  • Bland/White
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16
Q

Cerebral infarcts caused by what are sites of hemorrhage?

A

Embolization

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17
Q

Cerebral infarcts caused by what are largely ischemic and therefore bland/white/anemic?

A

Thrombotic occlusion

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18
Q

Occludes vascular flow abruptly, after which the ischemic region undergoes necrosis

19
Q

Progresses more slowly, guards against secondary hemorrhage.

20
Q

What are the 2 “pathological cerebral infarcts?”

Which one has astrogliosis?

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A
  • Remote Cerebral Infarct
  • Old Cystic Infarct (astrogliosis)
21
Q
  • Where is the most common location of a hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage?
  • Which percent occur here?
Study These Flashcards
A
  • Basal Ganglia - Thalamus
  • 75% occur here
22
Q

A freely movable, intravascular mass that is carried from one anatomic site to another by the blood.

Study These Flashcards
A

Embolism

(most common form is thromboemboli)

23
Q

The transformation of the fluid blood into a solid aggregate encompassing blood cells and fibrin.

24
Q

2 examples of “infarcts”

Study These Flashcards
A

Red and White Infarcts

25
Which infarct (red or white) typical of arterial occlusion in solid organs (heart, kidneys, etc).??
White Infarcts
26
Which infarct (red or white) is typical of venous obstruction involving the intestines (volvulus) or testes (torsion)
Red Infarcts
27
* Caused by arterial defects that originate during embryonic development when the bifurcation of an artery in the Circle of Willis creates a "Y" shaped configuration
Berry Aneurysm
28
When the artery from Circle of Willis bifurcates during embryonic development, the circumferential muscluar layer of the parent vessel may fail to interdigitate the 2 branches, what does this create?
(berry aneurysm) * This creates a point of congenital muscular weakness * Bridged only by: * endothelium * Internal elastic lamina * slender adventitia
29
What % of berry aneurysms occur at branch points in Circle of Willis?
Over 90%
30
If a Berry Aneurysm ruptures, where does the blood go?
Subarachnoid space (between arachnoid membrane and pia mater), would result in "subarachnoid hemorrhage"
31
W/ a berry aneurysm, bloodstream from the parent vessel exerts pressure on "crotch of Y" which results in what over time?
The endothelium and internal elastic membrane degenerates and fragments
32
As the endothelium and internal elastic membrane degenerate/fragment, what evolves?
A saccular aneurysm w/ walls formed only by adventitia
33
Undetected berry aneurysms are found in what % of people older than 55 yrs old?
25%
34
What is the % mortality of an initial subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured berry aneurysm?
35 - 50%
35
In 1/3 of patients w/ a ruptured berry, the rupture causes either of which 2 things?
* intracerebral hemorrhage * intraventricular hemorrhage
36
What do large berry aneurysms of the internal carotid complex cause?
* Palsies of 3rd, 4th, 6th cranial nerves * Seizures due to compression of medial aspect of temporal lobe
37
If you see a metal clip on an x-ray, what does this mean?
Clipping of a Berry Aneurysm
38
What are the sxs of a subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured berry?
Sudden severe HA, may be followed by a coma
39
Patients w/ SAH from ruptured berry surviving how many days will start to manifest progressive decline in consciousness due to arterial spasm/consequent cerebral ischemia/infaction/stroke?
3 - 4 days
40
If a person survives a ruptured berry, what is the risk?
Rebleed (worse prognosis)
41
* E. coli * Group B Strep
2 bacterias which cause meningitis in Neonates
42
H. influenza
Bacterial meningitis in infants (3mo - 3yrs)
43
Strept. pneumococcus
Bacterial meningitis in adults
44
N. meningitidis
Bacterial meningitis in crowded conditions (dormitories, military barracks)

Pathophys Exam 1 (14 decks)

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