Review Questions Chapter 5

Question 1

Cancer is the leading cause of death in the United States.

Answer 1

False, Cardiovascular disease is

Question 2

The genetic alterations associated with neoplasia are passed to daughter cells upon cell division.

Answer 2

true

Question 3

DNA methylation and histone modifications are associated with

Answer 3

Epigenetics

Question 4

All tumors are ___________.

Answer 4

Clonal

Question 5

Which of the following has the greatest impact on the biological behavior of a neoplasm?

Answer 5

Parenchyma

Question 6

The _____ is crucial to the growth of the neoplasm, since it carries the blood supply and provides support for the growth of parenchymal cells

Answer 6

Stroma

Question 7

Which of the following is not a hallmark of cancer development?

Answer 7

Anaerobic glycolysis

Question 8

Which of the following refers to a benign neoplasm derived from glandular tissue?

Answer 8

Adenoma

Question 9

Which of the following is a benign tumor which resembles the tissues of its origin?

Answer 9

Papilloma

Question 10

Which of the following is a mixed tumor that contains cells from 3 embryonic germ cell layers?

Answer 10

Teratoma

Question 11

Benign tumors are more likely to be anaplastic and malignant tumors are well-differentiated.

Answer 11

False

Question 12

In general, benign tumors contain fewer mutations than cancers

Answer 12

true

Question 13

A lipoma is a malignant tumor of mature fat cells

Answer 13

False

Question 14

A loss or reduction of cellular differentiation is termed _________.

Answer 14

. Anaplasia

Question 15

Which of the following represents cells that are disorderly, but still non-neoplastic?

Answer 15

Dysplasia

Question 16

Poorly differentiated tumors grow more rapidly than do well-differentiated tumors

Answer 16

true

Question 17

The rate of growth of malignant tumors usually correlates inversely with their level of differentiation.

Answer 17

true

Question 18

Most benign tumors grow slowly, and most cancers grow much faster, eventually spreading locally and to distant sites (metastasizing) and causing death.

Answer 18

true

Question 19

Malignant tumors that are composed of undifferentiated cells are considered anaplastic.

Answer 19

true

Question 20

Which of the following is most likely to have a fibrous capsule? (

Answer 20

Benign neoplasm

Question 21

Which of the following unequivocally identifies a tumor as being malignant? (

Answer 21

Metastasis

Question 22

Which 2 anatomic regions are most frequently involved sites of cancer metastasis?

Answer 22

liver and lung

Question 23

Lymphatic spread is more typical of carcinomas, whereas hematogenous spread is favored by sarcomas.

Answer 23

true

Question 24

Tumors of the ________ are the most common cause of cancer-related deaths among females.

Answer 24

Lung

Question 25

Among U.S. females, the death rate from uterine cervical cancer is ________ while the death rate from lung cancer is _________.

Answer 25

decreasing; increasing

Question 26

Environmental factors are the predominant cause of the most common sporadic cancers.

Answer 26

true

Question 27

Reduced immune competence and ________ are thought to contribute to the increased frequency of cancer as we age

Answer 27

somatic mutation

Question 28

Most cancer-related mortality occurs between the ages of ______.

Answer 28

55-75 years

Question 29

A 34-year-old female does not have a BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 mutation, but still developed breast cancer; this cancer is categorized as a(n)

Answer 29

. Familial cancers of uncertain | inheritance

Question 30

Xeroderma pigmentosum is the best example of _______

Answer 30

Autosomal recessive syndromes of | defective DNA repair

Question 31

While preneoplastic lesions increase the likelihood of malignancy, most do not progress into cancer.

Answer 31

true

Question 32

Which of the following is an autosomal recessive syndrome of defective DNA repair?

Answer 32

Xeroderma pigmentosum

Question 33

Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) prevent uncontrolled growth and the typical loss of function mutation, involved with altered TSGs, require a loss of ______ normal allele(s).

Answer 33

2

Question 34

Which of the following is a normal gene that has a high potential to cause cancer when mutated, such as a gene that regulates apoptosis?

Answer 34

Proto-oncogene

Question 35

Oncogenic mutations are _________ because the mutations of a single allele can lead to phenotypic change

Answer 35

dominant

Question 36

Which of the following least likely to be involved with oncogenesis?

Answer 36

Genes that regulate noncoding DNA

Question 37

Over 90% of all cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia involve a(n) ____________ of chromosomes 9 and 22, which is referred to as a Philadelphia chromosome

Answer 37

Balanced Translocation

Question 38

An abnormal number of chromosomes that is not a multiple of organism’s haploid is termed _________.

Answer 38

Aneuploidy

Question 39

Which of the following refers to a reversible, heritable change in gene expression that occurs without mutation

Answer 39

Epigenetic modification

Question 40

Which of the following involves DNA methylation and histone modifications to cause changes in gene expression?

Answer 40

Epigenetics

Question 41

MicroRNAs __________ gene expression and may be increased or reduced in their function.

Answer 41

inhibit

Question 42

Epigenetic modifications may not alter cellular appearance and function (phenotype), but mutations can.

Answer 42

B. False

Question 43

Over time, tumors become more aggressive and less responsive to therapy.

Answer 43

true

Question 44

Cancer cells may develop self-sufficiency by acquiring the ability to synthesize the same growth factors to which they are responsive.

Answer 44

true

Question 45

Which of the following is a rate-limiting step in the cell cycle that is commonly referred to as a restriction point?

Answer 45

G1-S phase

Question 46

Decision step of the cell cycle is known as _______

Answer 46

G0-G1 phase

Question 47

The activation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) proteins will _________ the cell cycle.

Answer 47

Slow down

Question 48

All cancers have genetic mutations that disable the G1-S phase checkpoint of the cell cycle

Answer 48

true

Question 49

Inactivation of the RB gene requires alterations to both of the normal RB gene alleles.

Answer 49

true

Question 50

The Rb protein regulates the __________

Answer 50

G1 to S

Question 51

Human papillomavirus may encode proteins that bind to Rb proteins and render them nonfunctional.

Answer 51

True

Question 52

The TP53 gene is an example of a(n) __________.

Answer 52

TSG

Question 53

If DNA damage is detected, the products of the TP53 gene stimulate cellular arrest in which phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 53

G1

Question 54

The TP53 gene is not involved with __________.

Answer 54

Necrosis

Question 55

Which of the following is a common example of a virus that can nullify the protective function of the TP53 gene? (

Answer 55

HPV

Question 56

The ____________________ involves the activation of caspase-8 to initiate apoptosis.

Answer 56

Extrinsic

Question 57

Many tumors metastasize to the organ that presents the first ____________ they encounter after entering circulation

Answer 57

capillary bed

Question 58

Dicentric chromosomes are likely to be formed if p53 is present.

Answer 58

false

Question 59

Cancer cells rarely (<50% of the time) reactivate telomerase to avoid shortening of telomeres.

Answer 59

false

Question 60

In order to grow beyond __________in diameter, tumor cells must stimulate angiogenesis.

Answer 60

1- 2 mm

Question 61

What is the “glue” that holds epithelial cells together, which must be inactivated to initiate migration of a tumor cell?

Answer 61

E- Cadherin (ADHERIN - Adhere = glue)

Question 62

Once in circulation, aggregated tumors cells may be afforded protection from antitumor host cells.

Answer 62

false

Question 63

Microsatellite instability (MSI) is associated with which of the following? (

Answer 63

HNPCC (hereditary non polyposis colon cancer)

Question 64

Patients with xeroderma pigmentosum have an inherited defect in which DNA repair system?

Answer 64

Nucleotide excision repair

Question 65

When cancer cells transition to aerobic glycolysis, the phenomenon is called the __________.

Answer 65

warburg effect

Question 66

Patients with chronic gastrointestinal inflammation have a(n) ___________ risk of developing cancer.

Answer 66

increased

Question 67

The chemical carcinogen aflatoxin B1 produces a “signature mutation” on the __________ gene.

Answer 67

TP53

Question 68

Which of the following is an oncogenic RNA virus?

Answer 68

Human T cell lymphotrophic virus

Question 69

Hepatitis B or C infections are associated with ____ of all cases of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Answer 69

C. 80%

Question 70

Epstein-Barr viral infections may contribute to oncogenesis by stimulating _____ proliferation

Answer 70

B cell

Question 71

Natural killer cells act as a first line of defense against tumor cells and require previous tumor cell sensitization.

Answer 71

true

Question 72

which DNA oncovirus simulates the loss of tumor suppressor genes, activates cyclins, inhibits apoptosis, and combats cellular senescence and is responsible for 20% of oropharyngeal cancers?

Answer 72

HPV

Question 73

Symptom complexes that occur within cancer patients that cannot be explained by the effects of a tumor cell appear in _____ of patients. (

Answer 73

15%

Question 74

Which of the following has been shown to have greater clinical value? (

Answer 74

Staging of cancer

Question 75

Breast cancer may stimulate parathyroid hormone, resulting in __________.

Answer 75

Hypercalcemia

Question 76

During surgery, a surgeon is likely to request a _________ to evaluate histological features of a tissue.

Answer 76

Frozen section