Review Sheet 1: Chapter 3,4 - Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Question 1

7 Bacterial Shapes

Answer 1

Cocci, Bacillus, Vibrios, Spirilla, Spirochetes, Mycelium, Pleomorph

Question 2

Cocci

Answer 2

Round

Question 3

Bacillus

Answer 3

Rod

Question 4

Vibrios

Answer 4

Crescent Rod

Question 5

Spirilla

Answer 5

Rigid Spiral

Question 6

Spirochetes

Answer 6

Flexible spiral

Question 7

Mycelium

Answer 7

Interwoven matt of hyphal growth

Question 8

Pleomorph

Answer 8

Can have different ‘pleomorphic’ shapes

Question 9

Bacterial size

Answer 9

0.3 µm - 600 µm

Question 10

Internal Membrane of Prokaryotes

Answer 10

Folds of Plasma Membrane

Question 11

Hopanoids

Answer 11

Lipids -not cholesterol- in Prokaryotes

Question 12

Gram +

Answer 12

• Thick Layer of Peptidoglycan
• Techoic Acids
• Periplasmic Space
• Plasma Membrane
• Stains Purple

Question 13

Gram -

Answer 13

• Thin layer Peptidoglycans
• No techoic acids
• Outer membrane
• Plasma membrane
• Stains Red

Question 14

Peptidoglycan

Answer 14

Long sugar chains w/AAs that are not easily digested.

Crosslinked by peptide bridges

Question 15

Techoic Acids

Answer 15

Slippery polymers of simple sugars w/ PO4-

Question 16

Periplasm

Answer 16

Small area between plasma membrane and cell wall

Question 17

Protoplast

Answer 17

Cell w/o cell wall

Question 18

3 parts of LPS

Answer 18

1. O side chain
2. Core polysaccharide
3. Lipid A (Endotoxin)

Question 19

LPS

Answer 19

Lipopolysaccharides

Major lipid component of outer leaflet of outer membrane. Part of the membrane.

Question 20

O Side chain

Answer 20

Exposed to outside cell. Mutates quickly

Question 21

Core Polysaccharide

Answer 21

Links O side chain and Lipid A

Question 22

Lipid A (Endotoxin)

Answer 22

• Anchors LPS in membrane

- Toxic to mammals

Question 23

Lysozyme

Answer 23

Enzyme that degrades peptidoglycan

Question 24

Spheroplast

Answer 24

A cell w/ Some or most of its cell wall removed

Question 25

Plasmolysis

Answer 25

Cell breaking open due to osmotic pressure

Question 26

Penicillin

Answer 26

Antibiotic that prevents growth of cell wall

Question 27

Glycocalyces

Answer 27

Carbohydrates that coat outside of cell wall

Question 28

3 types of glycocalyces

Answer 28

1. Capsule 2. Slime Layer 3. S- Layer

Question 29

Glycocalyx Capsule

Answer 29

Well organized and tightly attached

Question 30

Glycocalyx Slime Layer

Answer 30

Loosely organized and loosely attached. Can slip away from phagocytes

Question 31

Glycocalyx S- layer

Answer 31

Has more proteins. Not very important

Question 32

Fimbrae

Answer 32

Small protrusion used to adhere to something

Question 33

Pili

Answer 33

Type of fimbrae used to adhere during mating

Question 34

Flagellae

Answer 34

Large protrusions used for motility

Question 35

Endospore

Answer 35

Spores survive harsher conditions, relatively inactive

Question 36

Sporangium

Answer 36

Cell that makes a spore

Question 37

Germination

Answer 37

Cell w/ its cell wall emerges from endospore | - Triggered by nutrients

Question 38

5 parts of endospore

Answer 38

1. Core - Cytoplasm 2. Spore cell wall 3. Cortex 4. Spore Coat 5. Exosporium - membrane

Question 39

2 parts of endospore that do most protecting

Answer 39

Cortex and Spore Coat