Review Sheet 4: DNA

Question 1

Griffith

Answer 1

(1928) Discovered a virulent strain could transform a non virulent strain

Question 2

Avery, Macleod, McCarty

Answer 2

(1944) Discovered Griffith’s transforming agent was DNA

Question 3

Hershey, Chase

Answer 3

(1952) Radioactive DNA (32P) went from virus to bacteria. 
Radioactive Protein (35S) did not.

Question 4

Origin of Replication

Answer 4

Where DNA Replication starts

Question 5

of Origin of Replications in Eukaryotes

Answer 5

Many per chromosome

Question 6

of Origin of Replications in Prokaryotes

Answer 6

1 per chromosome

Question 7

Prokaryotic chromosome shape

Answer 7

1 circular chromosome

Question 8

Eukaryotic Chromosome

Answer 8

Many linear chromosome

Question 9

Rolling circle replication

Answer 9

DNA Polymerase keeps going in circles around plasmid, only later does it cut/make double strand.

Question 10

Plasmid

Answer 10

Small circular DNA independent of chromosome

Question 11

Replication fork

Answer 11

Fork where 1 strand –> 2 strands

Question 12

Auxotrophy

Answer 12

Organism cannot make a particular molecule

Question 13

Prototrphy

Answer 13

Organism able to make a particular molecule

Question 14

Replica Plating

Answer 14

“Stamp” a plate onto a piece of fabric, then stamp the fabric onto many plates.

Question 15

Mutant selection

Answer 15

will only grow on a plate if you have a particular gene or mutation

Question 16

Ames Test

Answer 16

Test a chemical to see if it is mutagenic:

1. Start w/ bacteria that cannot grow on a selective plate
2. Mix w/ potential mutagen
3. If chemical is mutagenic, bacteria will grow

Question 17

Velvet

Answer 17

“Stam” used in replica painting

Question 18

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Answer 18

DNA goes from 1 organism to another, not by mitosis/meiosis

Question 19

3 types of bacterial HGT

Answer 19

1. Conjugation
2. Transformation
3. Transduction

Question 20

Requirements for successful HGT

Answer 20

To be stable it must end up on plasmid or chromosome

Question 21

Pillus

Answer 21

Hollow Fimbrae, transfers DNA through

Bacteria’s answer to the penis

Question 22

F- Episome

Answer 22

Contains genes needed to make a pillus.

Transferred via pillus

Question 23

Episome

Answer 23

A plasmid that can integrate in/out of chromosome

Question 24

F’ Plasmid

Answer 24

F plasmid back out of chromosome with some chromosomal DNA

Question 25

R-Plasmid

Answer 25

Plasmid passed by conjugation w/antibiotic resistance gene

Question 26

Col-Plasmid

Answer 26

Makes proteins that kill other bacteria

Question 27

HFR strain

Answer 27

High Frequency of Recombination (has F plasmid)

Question 28

Curing

Answer 28

Losing a plasmid from a population

Question 29

Transposons

Answer 29

DNA seq that can 'hop' from 1 location to another | - Often has resistance genes

Question 30

2 Transformation techniques

Answer 30

1. Electroporation | 2. Heat Shock

Question 31

Competent Cells

Answer 31

Capable of being transformed

Question 32

Transformation

Answer 32

'Naked' DNA (plasmid/fragment) from 1 cell to another

Question 33

Transduction

Answer 33

(Prokaryote) DNA transferred by virus

Question 34

Lytic

Answer 34

Virus copies self, lyses bacteria

Question 35

Lysogenic

Answer 35

Virus integrates viral DNA into chromosome

Question 36

Structural Genomics

Answer 36

Involves only what you can learn from the DNA sequence

Question 37

Bioinfomatics

Answer 37

Using computers to analyze sequences

Question 38

Functional Genomics

Answer 38

What do the sequences do?

Question 39

Comparative Genomics

Answer 39

Compare genomes of different organisms

Question 40

Proteomics

Answer 40

Studying all proteins in a cell/organism

Question 41

Metagenomics

Answer 41

- aka environmental genomics - Study genome of all organisms in a sample - ex: genome of a sample of dirt.

Question 42

Shotgun sequencing

Answer 42

1. Generate genomic library 2. Shotgun sequence in lots of vectors (each piece gets its own vector) 3. Align fragments with computer 4. Editing. Don't trust computer. Double check

Question 43

Genomic Library

Answer 43

Collection of genomic DNA, each in its own vector

Question 44

Vector

Answer 44

Something (usually plasmid) used to replicate a DNA of interest

Question 45

ORF

Answer 45

Open Reading Frames | Start codon, <100 other codons, stop codon

Question 46

EST

Answer 46

Expressed sequence tag, small cDNA

Question 47

Gene Chip

Answer 47

Way to measure how much of each mRNA is present in a cell

Question 48

cDNA

Answer 48

Cloned DNA | Derived from mRNA by reverse transcriptase

Question 49

Difference in Genomic and cDNA

Answer 49

1. cDNA lacks introns | 2. (In eukaryotes) cDNA has a poly-a tail

Question 50

How comparative genomics can tell which genes are important

Answer 50

Important genes conserved over different organisms

Question 51

G+C content

Answer 51

% of G and C nucleotides in genome vs A+T

Question 52

Core Genome

Answer 52

Genes in every member of a species

Question 53

Pan Genome

Answer 53

All genes in any member of a species

Question 54

ChIP Assay

Answer 54

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation | Determines what DNA binds what proteins in vivo

Question 55

2D Gel Electrophoresis

Answer 55

Separates DNA or proteins by size/charge

Question 56

Mass Spectometry

Answer 56

Accurately determine mass of something