Review- Test 2 Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
compounds that contain carbon atoms in chains/rings
A
organic compounds
2
Q
compounds that do not contain carbon atoms in chains/rings
A
inorganic compounds
3
Q
a chain of carbon atoms that are covalently bonded together with attached hydrogen atoms
A
hydrocarbon chain
4
Q
groups of specific atoms that are bonded to the hydrocarbon chain and will add to the function of a compound
A
functional group
5
Q
list some examples of a functional group
A
hydroxyl group,
carboxyl group,
amino group,
methyl group
6
Q
hydroxyl group structure
A
-OH
7
Q
carboxyl group structure
A
-COOH
8
Q
amino group structure
A
-NH₂
9
Q
methyl group structure
A
-CH₃
10
Q
example of an organic compound
A
glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆),
maltose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁)
11
Q
example of an inorganic compound
A
H₂O, CO₂, H₂CO₃, CCl ₄
only one Carbon
12
Q
the removal of water from between two smaller compounds to form a larger, more complex compound (small → large)
A
dehydration synthesis
13
Q
the addition of water to a large, complex compound to break it down into smaller, simpler compounds (large → small)
A
hydrolysis
14
Q
sucrose (dehydration synthesis equation)
A
Glucose + Fructose → Sucrose + H₂O
15
Q
sucrose (hydrolysis equation)
A
H₂O + Sucrose → Glucose + Fructose
16
Q
lactose (dehydration synthesis equation)
A
Glucose + Galactose → Lactose + H₂O
17
Q
lactose (hydrolysis equation)
A
H₂O + Lactose → Glucose + Galactose
18
Q
maltose (dehydration synthesis equation)
A
Glucose + Glucose → Maltose + H₂O
19
Q
maltose (hydrolysis equation)
A
H₂O + Maltose → Glucose + Glucose
20
Q
protein (dehydration synthesis equation)
A
Amino Acids → Protein + H₂O
21
Q
protein (hydrolysis equation)
A
H₂O + Protein → Amino Acids
22
Q
triglyceride (dehydration synthesis equation)
A
3 Fatty Acids + 1 Glycerol → Triglyceride + 3H₂O
23
Q
triglyceride (hydrolysis equation)
A
3H₂O + Triglyceride → 3 Fatty Acids + 1 Glycerol
24
Q
structure of triglycerides
A
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
25
structure of phospholipids
Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group
26
structure of sterols
4 fused Carbon rings
27
What is the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat?
saturated: only single bonds between Carbon atoms,
unsaturated: one/more double bond between Carbon atoms
28
Which is better for you, saturated or unsaturated fats?
unsaturated
29
3 functions of lipids (fats) in the body
concentrated energy,
protection of internal organs,
insulation
30
What are the monomers (building blocks) of proteins?
amino acids
31
identify/name some proteins
keratin, collagen, myosin, hemoglobin
32
Why are proteins neccessary for the body?
they control all the activities of life, missing one can result in illness or death, they do more jobs in the cell than any other type of biological molecule
33
What are the monomers (building blocks) of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
34
What does DNA stand for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
35
What does RNA stand for?
ribonucleic acid
36
What are the structural differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA: double stranded/double helix (strands are anti-parallel), deoxyribose (5-Carbon sugar), Thymine (nitrogenous base)
RNA: single stranded, ribose (5-Carbon sugar), Uracil (nitrogenous base)
37
nitrogen bases of DNA
Adenine ↔ Thymine
| Guanine ↔ Cytosine
38
nitrogen bases of RNA
Adenine ↔ Uracil
| Guanine ↔ Cytosine
39
3 components of a nucleotide
5-Carbon sugar (pentose),
Phosphate group,
Nitrogen base
40
What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic: lack a nucleus
eukaryotic: contain a nucleus and other membranous organelles
41
examples of organisms whose cells are prokaryotic
bacteria...
42
examples of organisms whose cells are eukaryotic
animals...
43
3 statements to the Cell Theory
1. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life.
2. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
44
structural composition of the cell membrane
phospholipid bilayer...
45
functional properties of the cell membrane
semipermeable...
46
compartments of eukaryotic cells that perform specialized functions
organelles
47
the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms
cells
48
What is the purpose of the cholesterol in the cell membrane?
helps maintain the fluid-like property of the cell membrane,
helps prevent a drastic decrease in fluidity accross the cell membrane,
has 4 Carbon rings with structures attached
49
occurs when there is a difference in the concentration (number) of molecules on either side of the cell membrane
concentration gradient
50
the movement of molecules across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is established
simple diffusion
51
the movement of water across the cell membrane from high to low concentration until equilibrium is established
osmosis
52
the movement of glucose through a transport protein from high to low concentration until equilibrium is established
facilitated diffusion
53
list the passive transport processes
```
Simple Diffusion (O₂, CO₂),
Osmosis (H₂O),
Facilitated Diffusion (Glucose)
```
54
Which category of transport processes requires ATP?
Active Transport Processes
55
3 ways in which the rate of diffusion can be accelerated
heat,
stir,
shake
56
3 factors that determine whether or not material can move through the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane
size,
charge,
solubility
57
process by which ions move through the cell membrane, through a transport protein, from low to high concentration until equilibrium is established
active transport
58
the process by which material is released by the cell
exocytosis
59
the process by which material is taken into the cell
endocytosis
60
types of endocytosis
Phagocytosis,
| Pinocytosis
61
2 main Cell-Mediated Transport Processes
Endocytosis,
| Exocytosis
62
the process by which liquid material is taken into the cell ("cell-drinking")
pinocytosis
63
the process by which large, solid material is taken into the cell ("cell-eating")
phagocytosis
64
a solution in which the solute concentration outside of the cell is greater than the solute concentration inside the cell
hypertonic solution
65
a solution in which the solute concentration outside of the cell is less than the solute concentration inside the cell
hypotonic solution
66
a solution in which the solute concentration outside of the cell is equal to the solute concentration inside of the cell
isotonic solution
67
What are the effects of a hypertonic solution on red blood cells?
lose H₂O,
| shrink
68
What are the effects of a hypertonic solution on plant cells?
cell's vacuole loses H₂O,
| cell membrane pulls away from cell wall
69
What are the effects of a hypotonic solution on red blood cells?
gain H₂O,
| swell and burst
70
What are the effects of a hypotonic solution on plant cells?
cell's vacuole gains water,
| internal pressure increases
71
What are the effects of an isotonic solution on red blood cells?
cells will gain and lose weight (helps maintain shape)
72
condition of red blood cells in a hypotonic solution
hemolysis
73
condition of red blood cells in a hypertonic solution
crenation
74
condition of plant cells in a hypertonic solution
plasmolysis
75
condition of plant cells in a hypotonic solution
turgor pressure
76
```
control center of the cell,
directs all cellular activity,
not all cells have one,
double phospholipid bilayer,
highly porous,
contains nucleolus and DNA
```
nucleus
77
system of membranous channels
endoplasmic reticulum
78
outer membrane joins to outer membrane of nucleus,
ribosomes on surface,
function: protein synthesis,
high # in pancreas
rough endoplasmic reticulum
79
no ribosomes on surface,
helps to detoxify harmful substances,
high # in liver
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
80
a system of flattened sacks that are interconnected;
| function: recieves, processes, and repackages material for transport/export
Golgi body/apparatus
81
2 types of vesicles
transport vesicle,
| secretory vesicle
82
```
specialized vesicles produced by the Golgi body,
contain digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes,
functions: important for normal growth and development, recycle worn out cell parts
```
lysosomes
83
"powerhouse of the cell",
| function: aerobic cellular respiration (produce ATP)
mitochondrion (mitochondria)
84
contain chlorophyll,
sites of photosynthesis;
(all plants, some protists, some bacteria)
chloroplast
85
```
PLANTS:
centrally located
stores primarily water (some pigments and waste material & in some cases toxins);
ANIMALS:
smaller and more numerous,
contain water and some dissolved solutes;
SOME PROTISTS:
contractile ___ expells excess water
```
vacuole
86
non-membranous organelles;
EUKARYOTIC: protein synthesis in cytoplasm, attached to R.E.R., in mitochondria, in chloroplasts, Golgi body;
PROKARYOTIC: protein synthesis, located in cytoplasm
ribosomes
87
```
non-membranous organelles,
not in plants,
located in pairs just outside the nucleus,
spindle fibers help to provide movement,
made up of microtubules
```
centrioles
