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BIO 101 Lecture > Review- Test 3 > Flashcards

Review- Test 3 Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

the ability to do work

A

energy

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2
Q

stored energy

A

potential energy

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3
Q

energy in motion

A

kinetic energy

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4
Q

“energy in” / energy is required to form chemical bonds / (small → large)

A

endergonic

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5
Q

“energy out” / chemical bonds are broken, releasing energy / (large → small)

A

exergonic

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6
Q

Give some examples of an endergonic reaction.

A
  1. Photosynthesis (6CO₂ + 6H₂O → 6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆)

2. Dehydration Synthesis (Glucose + Galactose → Lactose + H₂O)

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7
Q

Give some examples of an exergonic reaction.

A
  1. Aerobic Cellular Respiration (6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP + Heat)
  2. Hydrolysis (H₂O + Protein → Amino Acids)
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8
Q

Energy is neither created nor destroyed; it just changes form.

A

1st Law of Thermodynamics

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9
Q

the tendency to go from organized to disorganized as less energy is available to the system

A

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

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10
Q

process by which a phosphate group is added to some molecule/compound
(e.g. phosphates from ATP are added to glucose)

A

phosphorylation

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11
Q

loss of electrons and hydrogen ions (H+)

A

oxidation

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12
Q

gain of electrons and hydrogen ions (H+)

A

reduction

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13
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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14
Q

What is ATP used for in the body?

A

muscle contraction,
nerve impulse conduction,
membrane transport

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15
Q

What are the nucleotide components of ATP?

A
  1. 5-Carbon sugar (Ribose)
  2. 3 Phosphate Groups
  3. nitrogen base (Adenine)
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16
Q

Which molecule has more energy, NAD+ or NADH?

A

NADH

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17
Q

Which molecule has more energy, FAD or FADH₂?

A

FADH₂

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18
Q

the sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body by which energy is either stored in molecules or released from molecules

A

metabolism

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19
Q

a “buildup” process (small → large) that is required for energy to form chemical bonds

A

anabolism

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20
Q

a “break down” process (large → small) that breaks chemical bonds, releasing energy

A

catabolism

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21
Q

Write some examples of an anabolic reaction.

A

Endergonic Reactions

Photosynthesis & Dehydration Synthesis

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22
Q

Write some examples of a catabolic reaction.

A

Exergonic Reactions

Cellular Respiration & Hydrolysis

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23
Q

List the three statements that pertain to metabolic pathways.

A
  1. A series of step-by-step reactions that proceed in an orderly manner
  2. Each step in the reaction is catalyzed (sped up) by a specific enzyme
  3. Begin with a specific reactant (in) and end with a specific product (out)
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24
Q

the amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

Study These Flashcards
A

Ea

Activation Energy/ Energy of Activation

25
an irreversible change in the shape of a protein due to extreme temperatures and pH's
denaturation
26
the location on the enzyme where the substrate attaches itself
binding site
27
the location on the enzyme that causes the substrate to change and be converted to products
active site
28
List the properties of enzymes.
1. protein catalysts 2. have a specific shape 3. have a very specific action 4. can be used over and over again until they wear out or break down 5. required in small amounts 6. are not used up in the reaction 7. lower the Ea
29
How do enzymes affect the Ea in a chemical reaction?
they make it lower
30
How are enzymes affected by pH and temperature?
All enzymes have optimal temperatures and pH's were they function the best
31
equation for aerobic cellular respiration
6O₂+C6H12O6 → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 36-38 ATP + Heat
32
By what membrane transport process is glucose taken into the cell?
facilitated diffusion
33
What happens during the oxidation-reduction stage of Glycolysis?
Step 3 on "How Cells Release Energy" Handout
34
Where does Glycolysis occur?
in the cytoplasm
35
What are the products of Glycolysis?
4 ATP (net gain of 2) (4 out- 2 in), 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvates
36
What occurs during the Transition Stage (reaction) between Glycolysis and the Kreb's Cycle?
The two pyruvate molecules formed during glycolysis enter the mitochondrion (matrix) where they undergo a conversion to become Acetyl-CoA molecules.
37
What are the products of the Transition Stage?
2 CO₂ + 2 NADH
38
Where does the Kreb's Cycle occur?
in the matrix of the mitochondria
39
What are the products of the Kreb's Cycle?
``` (per 2 turns of cycle) 4 CO₂ 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH₂ ```
40
Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?
on the cristae of the mitochondria
41
Summarize what happens in the Electron Transport Chain.
"How Cells Release Energy" Handout
42
How many ATP are produced in Glycolysis?
4 (net gain of 2!)
43
How many ATP are produced in the Kreb's Cycle?
2
44
How many ATP are produced in the Electron Transport Chain?
32 (34 ATP are produced in the heart and muscle cells)
45
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
46
Where is DNA located in eukaryotic cells?
inside the nucleus
47
What are the nucleotide components of DNA?
Phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar base, Nitrogen base
48
What are the nitrogen bases of DNA?
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)
49
Who is credited with discovering the structure of DNA? When?
James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953
50
What are the functions of DNA within the cell?
1. DNA Replication (makes copies) | 2. Transcription (a strand of DNA is used to produce a strand of RNA)
51
What are the professional/medical uses of DNA?
Professional ways: Medical, Forensic, Agricultural and Ancestry Medical: Cure diseases, Stem Cell Theory, modifying medications and Gene Therapy
52
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic Acid
53
Where is RNA produced within the cell?
in the nucleus by Transcription | becomes functional in the cytoplasm for Translation
54
By what process is RNA produced in the cell?
??
55
What are the nucleotide components of RNA?
5-carbon sugar Ribose Nitrogen bases Phosphate molecule
56
What are the nitrogen bases of RNA?
Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)
57
Name the three types of RNA and give the functions of each type. (four separate cards???)
mRNA: Messenger;carries information for protein production rRNA: Ribosomal;reads the mRNA codons tRNA: Transfer (anti-codon); complements to the mRNA codons and transfers its anticodon and amino acid to the mRNA codons
58
What is complementary base pairing?
each nitrogen base pairs with another specific nitrogen base: DNA (A-T & C-G), RNA (A-U & C-G)

BIO 101 Lecture (3 decks)

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