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General Veterinary Physiology > REVIEWER!! > Flashcards

REVIEWER!! Flashcards

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1
Q

Passive Transport

A

✓ Osmosis
✓ Diffusion
✓ Facilitated Transport

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2
Q

Extracellular Fluid contains;

A

° large amount sodium
° small amount potassium
° large amount chloride ions

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3
Q

intracellular fluid contains;

A

° phosphates
° proteins

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4
Q

now miscible with either extracellular or intracellular fluid

A

lipid bilayer

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5
Q

a penetrating protein, interrupt the continuity of the lipid bilayer, constituting an alternative pathway through the cell membrane

A

transport protein

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6
Q

way through the molecule and allow free movement of water, as well as selected ions or molecules

A

channel proteins

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7
Q

bind with molecules or ions that are to be transported

A

carrier proteins

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8
Q

energy that causes diffusion

A

kinetic motion of matter

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9
Q

random molecular movement of substances molecule by molecule, either through intermolecular spaces in the membrane or in combination with a carrier proteins

A

diffusion

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10
Q

movement of ions or other substances across the membrane in combination with a carrier proteins in such that the carrier protein causes the substances to move against energy gradient.

A

active transport

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11
Q

Diffusion through the cell membrane is divided into two subtypes:

A

° Simple Diffusion
° Facilitated Diffusion

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12
Q

kinetic movement of molecules or ions occur through a membrane opening or through intermolecular spaces without any interaction with carrier proteins in the membrane

A

Simple Diffusion

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13
Q

requires interaction of a carrier proteins

A

facilitated diffusion

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14
Q

Simple diffusion can occur through the cell membrane by two pathways;

A

° through the interstices of the lipid bilayer
° through the watery channels

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15
Q

determines how rapidly a substance diffuses through the lipid bilayer

A

lipid solubility

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16
Q

are composed of integral cell membrane proteins that form open tubes through the membrane and are always open

A

pores

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17
Q

the protein channels are distinguished by two important characteristics;

A
  1. often selectively permeable to certain substances
  2. many of the channels can be opened or closed by the gates that are regulated by electrical signals
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18
Q

permit passage of potassium ions across the cell membrane about 1000 times

A

Potassium Channels

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19
Q

is only 0.3 by 0.5 nanometer in diameter, but more important, the inner surfaces of this channel are lined with amino acids that are strongly negatively charged

A

sodium channels

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20
Q

controlling ion permeability of the channels

A

gating of protein channels

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21
Q

the opening and closing of gates are controlled in two principal ways;

A

° voltage gating
° chemical(ligand) gating

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22
Q

the molecular conformation of the gate or of it’s chemical bonds responds to the electrical potential across the cell membrane

A

voltage gating

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23
Q

opened by the binding of a chemical substances with the protein; open or closes gate

A

chemical(ligand) gating

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24
Q

Most important substances that cross cell membranes by facilitated diffusion are;

A

glucose and amino acids

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25
activated by insulin, which can increase the rate of facilitated diffusion of glucose as much as 10-fold to 20-fold in insulin-sensitive tissues
glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4)
26
the sum of all the forces of the different molecules striking a unit surface area at a given instant
pressure
27
most abundant substance that diffuses through the cell membrane
water
28
the process of net movement of water caused by concentration difference of water
osmosis
29
the exact amount of pressure required to stop osmosis
osmotic pressure
30
called to a unit, to express the concentration of a solution in terms of numbers of particles
osmolarity
31
a process called when a cell membrane moves molecules or ions "uphill" against a concentration gradient
active transport
32
Active transport is divided into two types according to the source of the energy used to cause the transport
1. primary active transport 2. secondary transport
33
the energy derived directly from breakdown of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or of some other high-energy phosphate compound
primary active transport
34
the energy is derived secondarily from energy that has been stored in the form of ionic concentration
secondary active transport
35
Substances that are transported by primary active transport are;
sodium, potassium, calcium, hydrogen, chloride, and few other ions
36
the active transport mechanism that has been studied greatest detail
sodium-potassium pump
37
Three specific features that are important for the functioning of the pump;
° has 3 reception sites for binding sodium ions ° has 2 receptor sites of potassium ions ° the inside portion has ATpase activity
38
Most important functions of Na+-K pump
to control the volume of each cell
39
normally maintained at extremely low concentration in the intracellular cytosol of virtually all cells in the body
calcium pump
40
two places in the body, primary active transport of hydrogen ions is important
✓ in the gastric glands of the stomach ✓ in the late distal tubules and cortical collecting ducts of the chicken
41
parietal cells have the most potent primary active mechanism for transporting hydrogen ions of many part of the body
gastric glands
42
are specialized intercalated cells in the late distal tubules and cortical collecting ducts that also transport hydrogen ions by primary active transport
renal tubules
43
represents a storehouse of energy because the excess sodium outside the cell membrane is always attempting to diffuse to the interior
gradient
44
sodium ions again attempt to diffuse to the interior of the cell because of their large concentration gradient
counter-transport
45
are especially important mechanisms in transporting glucose across the renal and intestinal epithelial cells
sodium-glucose co-transport
46
the action potentials conducted from node to node
saltatory conduction
47
the process of eliciting the action potential
excitation
48
period during which a second action potential cannot be elicited, even with a strong stimulus
absolute refractory period
49
an experimental apparatus which is used to measure flow of ions through the different channels
voltage clamp
50
the potential difference between the inside and outside
Diffusion potential
51
the potential difference required, with negativity inside the fiber membrane
94 millivolts
52
rises high enough within the milliseconds to block further net diffusion ions to the inside
membrane potential
53
positive inside the fiber
61 millivolts
54
the diffusion potential level across the a membrane that exactly opposes the net diffusion of a particular ion through the membrane
nernst potential
55
is placed in the extracellular fluid, and the potential difference between the inside and outside of the fiber is measured using an appropriate voltmeter
indifferent electrode
56
recording electrode passes through the voltage change area at the cell membrane
electrical dipole layer
57
resting potential
-90 millivolts
58
more positive chargers are pumped to the outside than to the inside
electrogenic pump
59
causes large concentrations gradients sodium and potassium across the resting nerve membrane
sodium potassium pump
60
Sodium
° 142 mEq/L (outside) ° 14 mEq/L (inside)
61
Potassium
° 4 mEq/L (outside) ° 140 mEq/L (inside)
62
ratio of sodium ions from inside to outside the membrane
0.1
63
transmit nerve signal which are rapid changes in the membrane potential that spread rapidly along the nerve fiber membrane
action potentials
64
resting membrane potential before the action potential begins
resting stage
65
permeable to sodium ion
depolarization stage
66
permeable to potassium ions
repolarization stage
67
two types of transport channels through the nerve membrane
° voltage-gated sodium ° potassium channels
68
one near the outside of the channel
activation gate
69
another near the inside
inactivation gate
70
during this state, sodium ions can pour inward through the channel, increasing the sodium permeability of the membrane as much as 500- to 5000- fold
activated state
71
composed of numerous fibers ranging from 10-80 micrometer diameter
skeletal muscles
72
is a thin membrane enclosing a skeletal muscle fiber
sarcolemma
73
are composed of actin and myosin filaments
myofibrils
74
are larged polymerized protein molecules that are responsible for the actual muscle contraction
myosin filaments and actin filaments
75
a light bands contain only actin filaments
I bands (isotropic)
76
dark bands contain myosin filaments, as well as as the ends of the actin filaments where they overlap the myosin
A bands (anisotropic)
77
the portion of the myofibril that lies between two successive Z discs
sacromere
78
keep the myosin and actin filament ls in place
thin filamentous molecules
79
achieved by a large number of filamentous molecules of a protein
titin
80
act as a framework that holds the myosin and actin filaments in place so that the contractile machinery of the sarcomere will work
springy titin molecules
81
is a specialized ER of skeletal muscle
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
82
are composed of multiple myosin molecules
myosin filaments
83
composed of six polypeptide chains two heavy chains and four light chains
myosin molecules
84
actin filaments are composed of;
actin, tropomyosin, troponin
85
a double stranded, the backbone of the actin filaments and represented by two lighter-colored strands
F-actin protein molecule
86
a polymerized strand of double F-actin helix, having a molecular weight of about 42000
G-actin molecules
87
another actin filaments has a molecular weight of 70000 and la length of 49 nanometers
tropomyosin molecules
88
one hypothesis for which considerable evidence exist
walk along (ratchet theory)
89
tilt of the head
power stroke
90
the greater the amount of work performed by the muscle, the greater the amount of ATP is cleaved
Fenn effect
91
at a sarcomere length of about 2 micrometers, it attracts upon activation with the approximate maximum force of attraction
resting length
92
increase in tension that occurs during contraction, decreases as the muscle is stretched beyond its normal length
active tension
93
energy is transferred from the muscle to the external load
work
94
first source of energy that is used to reconstrate ATP, carries a high phosphate bond, similar to the bonds of ATP
phosphocreatine
95
second source of energy that is used to reconstitute both ATP and phosphocreatine
glycolysis
96
third and final source of energy
oxidative metabolism
97
many features of muscle contraction can be demonstrated by eliciting single what?
muscle twitches
98
when the muscle does not shorten during contraction
isometric
99
when it does not shorten but the tension on the muscle remains constant throughout the contraction
isotonic
100
muscles reacts rapidly, including anterior tibialis are composed of mainly of this
fast fibers
101
muscle such as soleus that respond slowly but with prolonged contraction are composed of this fibers
slow fibers
102
iron-containing protein similar to hemoglobin in RBC
myoglobin
103
deficit of red myoglobin in fast muscle
white muscle
104
all muscle fibers wre innervated by a single nerve fiber
motor unit
105
adding together of individual twitch contractions to increase the intensity of overall muscle contraction
summation
106
increasing the frequency of contraction. can lead to tetanization
frequency summation
107
when the frequency reaches a critical level, the successive contraction eventually is rapid so that they fuse together
tetanization
108
a phenomenon which strength of contraction increases to a plateau
staircase effect/treppe
109
even when muscle are at rest, a certain amount of tautness usually remains
muscle tone
110
prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle
muscle fatigue
111
when the total mass of muscle decreases
muscle atrophy
112
enlargement of individual muscle fibers
fiber hypertrophy
113
pathway that appears to account for much of the protein degradation in a muscle undergoing atrophy
ATP-dependent ubiquitin-proteasome pathway
114
chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds
proteolysis
115
regulatory protein that basically label which cells will be targeted for proteasomal degradation
ubiquitin
116
increase in fiber number
fiber hyperplasia
117
the fibrous tissue that replaces by the muscle fibers during denervation atrophy alse has a tendency to continue shortening for many months
contracture
118
causes large motor units
macro motor units
119
muscles that contract and become rigid, even without potentials
rigor mortis

General Veterinary Physiology (9 decks)

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