REVIEWER

Question 1

The consideration of human happiness has played a large part in the way that we construct and define
Ethics.

Answer 1

TRUE

Question 2

Norris Clarke said that there is an inherent or inborn desire in every human being to know all that there is to know about all that there is, this means that it is natural for us to ask questions and be curious about many things in the world and life in general. This nature of man as being inquisitive is also the nature of Philosophy which starts with wonder.

Answer 2

TRUE

Question 3

We learned from our discussions that the value or importance of Ethics can be comprehended by the tripartite examination of goodness, success, and humanity. Thinkers such as Aristotle, Epicurus, St. Thomas Aquinas, and John Stuart Mill have suggested that the goal of human beings is to be successful. This means that the goal of our human actions is directed toward success in life. Ethicists point out that we can only attain success by living a good and moral life.

Answer 3

FALSE

Rationale: Tripartite examination of goodness, happiness, and humanity.

Question 4

According to St. Thomas Aquinas, there are four types of law -eternal, natural, divine, and human. Eternal Law is a law that is found not in the natural order of things, but in the Sacred Scripture and Sacred tradition of the Church

Answer 4

FALSE

Rationale: Should be Divine Law

Question 5

You and your friends, who are also your classmates, spent your time last night playing an online game until three o’clock in the morning. You have a class at 7:00 am but you weren’t able to join the link for your online class and missed the discussions. When your teacher asked you for the reason for your absence from the class, you told the truth even though you knew your friends had died and said that there was a problem with their internet connection. Your conviction is that telling a lie is wrong and is not universalizable. This is a clear example of applying the categorical imperative as explained by Kant.

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

After studying Divine Command Theory, we can assume that St. Thomas Aquinas asserts that a law should be reasonable.

Answer 6

TRUE

Question 7

St. Thomas’ natural law theory does not make sense without a prior consideration of “telos” which means human purpose or goal.

Answer 7

TRUE

Question 8

Extra-judicial killing (EJK) is one of the saddening effects of the war on drugs which was launched in the Philippines to solve the problem of the rampant use of illegal drugs. EJK is a clear violation of Natural Law in such a way that suspected drug addicts are being killed without due process.

Answer 8

FALSE

Rationale: Should be Human Law

Question 9

Saint Augustine explained that God is the Divine Truth, the source of happiness, and the ultimate end of a human person. Thus, Augustine urges us to become like a spiritual human being who loves God. By becoming a spiritual person, our actions will be directed towards goodness with the inspiration of God’s love

Answer 9

TRUE

Question 10

Morality is more theoretical and detached as it is a systematic study of the morality of human actions and behaviors while Ethics is more personal and subjective as these involve personal choice and volition
from the first-person point of view.

Answer 10

FALSE

Rationale: Should be Ethics

Question 11

According to St, Thomas Aquinas, natural law is imprinted on us, and through our rationality, it is our way to participate in the Eternal Law of God

Answer 11

TRUE

Question 11

Deontology maximizes utility only by setting up a moral code that contains rules. Hence, Kant proposes that we first look at the consequences or the utility of our actions.

Answer 11

FALSE

Rationale: must not be motivated by consequences

Question 12

Eternal Law is the eternal plan of order in the mind of God for the whole universe which remains unfathomable. However, it is, in a certain way, imprinted in us so that we may be able to direct our inclinations or desires in accordance with the divine plan.

Answer 12

TRUE

Question 13

According to Immanuel Kant, there are three (3) criteria for ethical judgments, namely: reason, goodwill, and duty.

Answer 13

TRUE

Question 14

According to St. Thomas Aquinas, Eternal Law is knowable by the human mind.

Answer 14

FALSE

Rationale: unknowable

Question 15

Kant’s Deontology tells us that as long as an action is not hurting the people around me, then it is morally right.

Answer 15

FALSE

Question 16

Natural Law is how human beings, as rational creatures, are positioned within this order of things, directed toward fulfilling their nature in the order God created.

Answer 16

TRUE

Question 17

The nature of philosophy is that it starts in wonder. Philosophy makes us wonder about things. This wonder is also the reason why it is our nature to ask questions and be inquisitive.

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 17

A categorical Imperative is a command of reason in which we do an act because we can get something in return for doing so. it is usually guided by our inclination or desire which Kant calls the natural or animal part of us.

Answer 17

FALSE

Rationale: Hypothetical

Question 18

Deontology considers how many persons will be affected by the action. Hence, reviewing the consequences before taking the action.

Answer 18

FALSE

Rationale: an action is not motivated by their possible consequences

Question 19

The moral of Augustine’s philosophy is that true happiness is not found in this physical world of ours. That which gives us real and eternal happiness is no other than God, the permanent reality.

Answer 19

TRUE

Question 20

According to St. Augustine of Canterbury, God permeates all of us because He is our creator. If we follow this argument, it is in our nature to pursue truth, goodness, and beauty since these are the
characteristics of God.

Answer 20

FALSE

Rationale: Saint Augustine of Hippo

Question 21

A sinister-looking man with an axe in his hand knocked on Emma’s door. Upon opening the door that man asked where Enima’s father was. Unsure of his intentions and frightened by his looks and the axe in his hand, Emma immediately assumed that the man knocking on her door might be a serial killer wanting to kill her father. Because of this, Emma lied to the man and told him that she doesn’t know where her father is despite her knowledge of her father’s location. This action is morally acceptable in deontology.

Answer 21

FALSE

Rationale: It is your duty to always say the truth

Question 22

Philosophy is more than just loving wisdom; it is also an activity in which we ask questions that are fundamental in nature, it is not just intellectual work but an activity that involves our actions

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

Ethics is more theoretical and detached as it is a systematic study of the morality of human actions and behaviors while Morality is more personal and subjective as these involve personal choice and volition from the first-person point of view.

Answer 23

TRUE

Question 24

The Divine Command Theory uses a theistic framework

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

If we are to follow the arguments of DCT, stealing would be right if it was commanded by God.

Answer 25

TRUE

Question 26

Alfredo Abulad, a Filipino philosopher, wrote in his book The Blooming of the Hundred Flowers that there are three masophilosophicar questions that were asked by the ancient civilizations, namely: "Who am I, What am I, Where am I?

Answer 26

FALSE Rationale: Alfredo Co

Question 27

This is the branch of philosophy that deals with theories of art and principles which concern the question "what is beautiful?" A. Aesthetic B. Ethics C. Logic D. Metaphysis

Answer 27

A. Aesthetic

Question 28

In Deontology, we discussed that after discussing the criteria for ethical judgments, there are two types of imperatives: hypothetical and categorical. The categorical Imperative is the one that Kant presents to us. What is Kant's Categorical Imperative? A "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" B. "Act so that you can will the maxim of your act to be a universal law C. "Act so that you can do the minimum harm to others and the maximum benefit to yourself" D. None of the above

Answer 28

B. "Act so that you can will the maxim of your act to be a universal law

Question 29

This ethical theory examines the consequences of an action to determine its rightness or wrongness. Also, it argues that if an action produces the greatest happiness to the greatest number then it is morally right. Susan, as a home-service medical care volunteer, has cared for Martin through the final weeks of his fatal illness. Just before he died, Martin told Susan where a large sum of money he had accumulated was stored. He asked her to see that the money was given to the Society for Protection against Alien Control of the Earth (SPACF). Since Martin's illness did not affect his mental capacity, Susan agreed and promised that she will do what Martin has asked her to do. But now that he has died, she is considering using the money to support the activities of Sagip Kapwa, an organization that provides donated food to those who are in need of food for survival. Martin has no surviving friends or relatives, and no one else knows about the money. He left no written will. Following the ethical framework, deontology, what should Susan do? A. Susan should give the money to Sagip Kapwa, since it can benefit more people. B. Susan should give the money to SPACF, as agreed upon with Martin. C. Susan should just keep the money to herself since she took care of Martin very well during his final days D. Susan should see Tulfo and consult him on what she must do with the money.

Answer 29

B. Susan should give the money to SPACF, as agreed upon with Martin.

Question 30

It is the branch of philosophy that studies the moral of an action. It comes from the Greek word ήθος (ethos) which means custom, usage, or character A Metaphysics B. Philosophy of Religion C. Logic D. Ethics

Answer 30

D. Ethics

Question 31

Sam is the class treasurer She holds a big amount of money from the class fundraising activities. One day, Sam needed money to buy medicine for her sick mother. Sam thought of getting cash from the class funds. Following the deontological ethics, what should Sam do? A. Sam should get cash from the class funds to buy medicines for her sick mother B. Sam should not get cash from the class funds because that would be stealing. C. Sam should get cash from the class funds to save her mother's life. D. None of the above

Answer 31

B. Sam should not get cash from the class funds because that would be stealing.

Question 32

According to Saint Thomas Aquinas, there are four (4) types of laws. Using Aquinas typology, what kind of law is the 1987 Philippine Constitution? A Human Law B. Eternal Law C. Natural Law D. Divine Law

Answer 32

A Human Law

Question 33

It is an ethical theory that implies that our actions are to be determined, whether good or bad, according to a set of rules or moral duties. A. Virtue Ethics B. Natural Law C. Deontology D. Utilitarianism

Answer 33

C. Deontology

Question 33

St. Augustine emphasized the role of love in human relationships to participate in God's existence. With this, he discussed his Doctrine of Love. Based on the Doctrine of Love, what is St. Augustine's definition of virtue? A Love and conquer B. Rightly ordered love C. Love never fails D. Sacrifice and love

Answer 33

B. Rightly ordered love

Question 34

St. Thomas Aquinas's typology of laws consists of four (4) laws: Eternal, Natural, Human, and Divine. What type of law is not found in the natural order of things but in the Sacred Scriptures and Sacred Tradition of the Church? A. Eternal Law B. Human Law C. Divine Law D. Natural Law

Answer 34

C. Divine Law

Question 35

St. Thomas Aquinas's typology of laws consists of four (4) laws: Eternal, Natural, Human, and Divine. What type of law refers to the rational plan of God by which all creation is ordered? A Natural Law B. Eternal Law C. Divine Law D. Human Law

Answer 35

B. Eternal Law

Question 36

It is a branch of philosophy that deals with principles and abstract concepts such as being, causation, time, and space. A. Metaphysics B. Logic C. Ethics D. Aesthetics

Answer 36

A. Metaphysics

Question 37

It is a command or maxim that enjoins a person to do a particular action without qualification in as much as doing such an act is the most universally accepted thing to do. A. Hypothetical Imperative B. Logical Imperative C. Exhortative Imperative D. Categorical Imperative

Answer 37

D. Categorical Imperative

Question 38

Harry is a college student who excels in academics amidst the exhaustive requirements of an online class. He has a friend named Ron who does not do well in this academic setup. Unlike Harry, Ron usually has a harder time submitting school requirements because of the heavy workload coupled with how poorly he manages his time. Overwhelmed by this situation and aware of Harry's academic excellence, Ron decided to ask his friend Harry to let him copy his work. As a compassionate and caring friend, Harry allowed Ron to copy his work because he believes that it is his duty to help his friend. Is the decision of Harry deontological or not? A. The action is not morally acceptable in deontology because cheating is bad regardless of the consequences. B. The action is not morally acceptable in deontology because Harry could have achieved more positive and long-term outcomes if he taught Ron how to answer rather than by giving him the answer. C. The action is morally acceptable in deontology because it is Harry's duty to help Ron because he is his friend. D. Choices A and B are correct

Answer 38

A. The action is not morally acceptable in deontology because cheating is bad regardless of the consequences.

Question 39

The Philippines is one of the most affected countries by the COVID-19 virus. Critics say that the government's response is slow and ineffective. One of the issues that received criticism from people is the mandatory use of face shields. Filipinos, especially on the internet, openly voiced their dissent against this policy since it lacks scientific basis and it does not feel comfortable wearing one. Despite this, Filipinos still follow this policy. Is the reaction of the Filipinos (Le. Criticizing the policy on social media but at the same time following it) towards the policy acceptable in deontology? A. The reaction is not deontological since it is the duty of every Filipino to obey the government regardless of the situation and not to complain. B. The reaction is deontological. Even though Filipinos criticized the policy they still followed it. Every Filipino has the right to voice their opinion as long as they perform their duty. C. The reaction is not deontological because not wearing face shields may result in more casualties. D. Choices A and C are correct

Answer 39

B. The reaction is deontological. Even though Filipinos criticized the policy they still followed it. Every Filipino has the right to voice their opinion as long as they perform their duty.

Question 40

In Western African countries like Ghana and the ivory Coast, the use of child labor is prominent in planting and harvesting cocoa beans. These cocoa are sold and bought by big chocolate companies like Mars, Hershey's, and Nestlé. Children who are used as cocoa farmers aren't able to attend school and are exposed to heavy and dangerous work. Despite this seemingly evil practice, there are still upsides to it. For instance, we can purchase and enjoy delicious chocolates at a considerably lower price. Also, children could earn money for their families regardless of how meager the compensation is. Is this practice deontological or not? A. The practice of child labor in Western African Countries is deontological because the intent of the big companies is to help poor people have jobs. Thus, the end justifies the means. B. The practice of child labor in Western African Countries is not deontological because it uses children as a means to an end. C. The practice is deontological because the children have the autonomy to work or not to work. D. None of the above

Answer 40

B. The practice of child labor in Western African Countries is not deontological because it uses children as a means to an end.

Question 41

Ethical or Unethical. There is a law that allows Endo contractualization or the short-term employment practice. This permits big companies to earn more and it is beneficial to the economy because investors would be enticed to invest. As a result, many people would be given jobs because many would like to invest. The downside, however, is that workers do not get the same benefits that regular employees get. Use the ideas of Deontology. A. It is unethical because it uses húmans as a means to an end. B. it is ethical because it causes more good than harm (i.e. it encourages investors to invest and it provides work to people) C. It is ethical because naturally, people are not supposed to be equal. There will always be those people who earn more and those who earn less. D. None of the above

Answer 41

A. It is unethical because it uses húmans as a means to an end.

Question 42

To say that God only commands actions that are Good undermines the unique characteristics of God (i.e. omnipotence and omniscience). It is like saying that God is not the source of morality and that He/She also just follows certain moral laws. A.. The first statement is true. The second statement is false. B. The first statement is false. The second statement is true. C. Both statements are true. D. Both statements are false.

Answer 42

C. Both statements are true.

Question 43

Ethical or Unethical. Would it be ethical to pass a law that requires people to wear face masks during the global pandemic? Use the ideas of natural law. A. It is unethical because it infringes on people's rights and freedom toward their bodies. B. It is ethical because it helps in preventing the transmission of the virus and it helps in saving more lives. C. It is ethical because one of the commandments of God is "thou shalt not kill". By wearing face masks, people are saving other people's lives. D. Choices B and C are both correct.

Answer 43

B. It is ethical because it helps in preventing the transmission of the virus and it helps in saving more lives.

Question 44

"TGN1412" (True Story)In 2006, an American company called Parexcel called for 'healthy mates' to take part in a drug trial exploring treatments for arthritis. The volunteers, some of whom were students, some of whom were unemployed, were offered £2,000 for just a few days of their life. Parexcel's information for potential volunteers included pictures of video games, pool tables, and most appealing of all, signed cheques. The drug was then, with hindsight, rather sinister-sounding. TGN1412 (this drug was withdrawn from development after finding out that it causes severe inflammatory reactions and chronic organ failure). Afterward, there were complaints from the volunteers (or their relatives) that they had not been made aware of the possible risks (especially not to their immune systems), and that they had been injected in a predetermined sequence which meant that the last of them was being given the drug even though the first had already collapsed unconscious! One bioethicist. Dr. Ezekiel Emanuel, of the US National Institutes of Health, defended such procedures in the press afterward, saying 'Research is a social good, we need better treatments for arthritis and leukemia - but there are risks. Being a construction worker is risky and we pay people to do that.' 'So why not this 7 ^ r he asks, provocatively. Question: Using the ideas of Kant, is the claim of Dr. Ezekiel Emanuel valid and morally right? A. Yes, because volunteers agreed to the experiment which is no different from a construction worker agreeing to do a dangerous job B. No, because the company's information for the volunteers misled them (le pictures of video games, pool tables, and most appealing of all, signed cheques) and prevented them from making well-informed decisions. This goes against the categorical imperative. C. Yes, because it was an act of goodwill since the original intention was to develop a drug that could treat fatal diseases like Leukemia. Also, the company did not have an idea of the side effects of the drug during the time of the experiment. D. All of the Choices are Valid

Answer 44

B. No, because the company's information for the volunteers misled them (le pictures of video games, pool tables, and most appealing of all, signed cheques) and prevented them from making well-informed decisions. This goes against the categorical imperative.

Question 45

In relation to the aforementioned scenario, if the researchers have not misled the participants, would they be free from any moral liability? A. Yes. The fact that they have informed their participants of property is enough to absolve them from any moral liability. Thus, whatever happens, after participants agree to participate in the study is not the fault of the researchers anymore. B. No. Considering the fact of the story that researchers chose to continue the study despite several participants collapsing still makes the researchers morally accountable. C. Yes. The researchers were not aware of the side effects of the drugs which is why they were testing them. D. The researchers are not supposed to be held morally accountable because the participants agreed to participate in the study

Answer 45

A. Yes. The fact that they have informed their participants of property is enough to absolve them from any moral liability. Thus, whatever happens, after participants agree to participate in the study is not the fault of the researchers anymore.

Question 46

According to St. Thomas Aquinas, human law derives its justification and validity from natural law. If a law that prohibits women from driving was passed because the legislators believe that women cannot drive as well as men do, will it be acceptable in relation to the natural law? A. Yes, because it helps people achieve their telos because prohibiting bad drivers from driving can help people achieve their ultimate telos which is to be happy. B. No, because it goes against one of the primary goods - to live in a society. C. No, because human beings are naturally unequal. D. Choices B and C are correct

Answer 46

B. No, because it goes against one of the primary goods - to live in a society.

Question 47

50. To say that something is right because God commanded it is like saying that God determines what is right and wrong. This also affirms God's omnipotence and omniscience. If we assume that this is true and follow this logic, it follows then that if God commanded humans to hurt other humans, then hurting others would be morally acceptable. A. The first and second statements are true. The third statement is false. B. The second statement is false. The first and third statements are true. C. All statements are true. D. All statements are false.

Answer 47

C. All statements are true.