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Endocrinology yr2 > revision 1 > Flashcards

revision 1 Flashcards

1
Q

key features of the endocrine system

A

diffusion
cell-cell
slow
long distance

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2
Q

key features of the nervous system

A

coarse
rapid
point-point
short

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3
Q

what are the three types of hormone

A

protein
cholesterol/steriod
amino acid

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4
Q

define hormone

A

chemical messenger made by specialised glands and transported to a target organ leading to a physiological response

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5
Q

define a gland

A

specalised cells for secretion

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6
Q

define an endocrine gland

A

ductless
hormones released into the blood
doesnt use any tubes

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7
Q

define an exocrine gland

A

has ducts

secretes fluids and enzymes

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8
Q

what is acromegaly?

A

hormonal disorder where the pituitary gland produces excess amounts of growth hormone.

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9
Q

whats the role of the adrenal cortext

A

outer portion of the adrenal gland and it produces steroid hormones, and mineralocorticoid hormones.

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10
Q

whats the role of the adrenal glands

A

regulate the stress response through synthesis of cortisol and adrenaline

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11
Q

what is adrenocorticotrophin? ATCH

A

hormone produced by the Ant pit that stimulates the adrenal gland

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12
Q

what is an androgen?

A

hormones that help develop sex organs and functions

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13
Q

whats the role of caalcitonin

A

protein hormone
secreted by cells in the thyroid gland
it inhibits bone degradation and stimulates the uptake of calcium and phosphate by bone

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14
Q

whats the role of cortisol

A

hormone produced by the adrenal glaand
involved in the stress response
increases blood pressure and blood sugar levels

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15
Q

cushings syndrome

A

hormonal disorder
caused by prolonged exposure of the tissues to high levels of cortisol
relatively rare

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16
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone
controls the female menstrual cycle and production of eggs by the ovaries
high levels just before ovulation
in males in regulates sperm production

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17
Q

role of glucagon

A

hormone for carbohydrate metabolism
release when glucose levels in the blood are too low, hypoglycemia
causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose

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18
Q

gonadatrophins

A

hormones that stimulate the growth and activity of the gonads

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19
Q

gonadatrophin releasing hormone GnRH

A

peptie hormone reponsible for the release of gonadatrophins from the ant pit
its made by the hypothalamus`

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20
Q

graves disease

A

most common form of hyperthyriodism

immune system attacks thyriod gland and causes it to over produce thryoxine

21
Q

role of the hypothalamus

A

area in the brain regulating vital autonomic centres

- produces hormones that control many body functions

22
Q

IGF-1

A

insulin like growth factor
polypeptide protein hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin
plays a role in childhood growth and anabolic effects in adults

23
Q

LH

A

Lutenising hormone

triggers ovulation in females

24
Q

oxytocin

A

hormone that acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain

facilitates childbirth/partuition and breastfeeding

25
Q

parathryiod

A

make hormones used in calcium and phosphorus regulation

26
Q

pineal gland

A

small endocrine gland at the centre of the brain and secretes melatonin used for sleeping and waking patterns

27
Q

pituitary gland

A

located at the base of the skul

controls growth, BP breast milk production and metabolism

28
Q

Polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS

A

endocrine disorder

cause by overproduction of male hormones in females

29
Q

role of progesterone

A

female hormone that acts on the uterus to prepare it for reciving a fertilised egg
when the levels fall it causes menstruation

30
Q

prolactin

A

peptide hormone associated with lacatation

high levels during pregnancy stimulate milk production

31
Q

steriods

A

set of molecules which includes some hormones that contain an arrangement of carbon rings
include sex hormones, cortiocosteriods, anabolic steroids and cholesterol hormones

32
Q

thymus gland

A

located in the chest behind the stermun

hormones produced bhere stimulate the production of immune cells and plays a role in T cell development

33
Q

thyroid gland

A

inside the neck

regulates metabolism and the ability of the body to break down food and covert to energy

34
Q

thyroid stimulatiing hormone

A

TSH, made by the hypothalamus and is transported by the AntPit to stimulate the hyriod to secrete its hormone thyroxine

35
Q

vitamin D

A

fat soluble vitamin
made by skin on exposure to UV rays from the sun
active Vit D, D3, functions as a hormone sending messages to the intestine to increase absorption of calcium and phosporus

36
Q

why do hormones take longer than neurones to induce their response

A

hormones act through second messengers or regulation of gene expression and these processes take longer for a reponse
neuronal is direct stimulation so fast

37
Q

where is oxytocin secreted from?

A

thypothalamus

38
Q

where is aldosterone secreted from

A

adrenal gland

39
Q

where is vasopresisn secreted from?

A

hypothalamus

40
Q

where is calcitonin secreted from?

A

thyriod gland

41
Q

describe paracrine signalling

A

hormones released into the blood affecting a distant site

42
Q

describe autocrine signalling

A

hormones released into interstituim and act on cells nearby

43
Q

describe the properties of peptide hormones

A

hydrophillic
freely disolve and ciruclate in the blood
short half life

44
Q

how are peptide hormones synthesised

A

made as a pre-pro horomone
then cleaved into prohormone
then moved to golgi to be cleaved to active form and stored ready fror use

45
Q

list the hormones the hypothalamus secretes

A

releasing hormones: GHRH, CRH, TRH, GnRH

stomatastain, dopamine, vaspressin, oxytocin

46
Q

list the hormones the thyriod gland secretes

A

T3, T4 and calcitonin

47
Q

list the hormones the adrenal gland secretes

A

cortisol, aldosterone, adrenal androgen, adrenaline and noradrenaline

48
Q

list the hormones of the Ant Pit

A 
corticotropin
FSH
LH
prolactin
thryoidotrophin
growth hormone
49
Q

list the hormones of the pos pit

A

oxytocin

vasopressin

Endocrinology yr2 (9 decks)

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