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1
Q

What nerves supply the external oblique muscles?

A

Lower intercostal nerves (ventral rami T7-T11) and subcostal nerve

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2
Q

What nerves supply the internal oblique muscles?

A

Lower intercostal nerves (ventral rami T7-T11), subcostal nerve and L1

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3
Q

What nerves supply the transverse abdominus muscles?

A

Lower intercostal nerves, subcostal nerve and L1

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4
Q

What nerves supply the rectus abdominus muscles?

A

Lower intercostal nerves

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5
Q

What is the action of the internal and external oblique muscles?

A

Flex and rotate trunk

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6
Q

What is the action of the transverse abdominus muscles?

A

Compress and support abdominal viscera

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7
Q

What is the action of the rectus abdominus muscles?

A

Flexes trunk and tilts pelvis

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8
Q

What is the rectus sheath composed of?

A

Aponeuroses of transverse abdominus, internal oblique and external oblique

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9
Q

Above the level of the arcuate line, which layers of the aponeurosis pass in front of the rectus muscles?

A

External oblique and half of the internal oblique

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10
Q

What is the action of psoas major?

A

Flexion at hip joint

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11
Q

What are the contents of the male inguinal canal?

A

Spermatic cord
Ilio-inguinal ligament
Blood and lymph

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12
Q

What are the contents of the female inguinal canal?

A

Round ligament of uterus
Ilio-inguinal ligament
Blood and lymph

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13
Q

The anterior wall of the inguinal canal is formed by the aponeurosis of which muscle?

A

External oblique

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14
Q

Abdominal contents pushing through a weak spot in the posterior wall of the inguinal canal is called?

A

Direct hernia

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15
Q

A congenital weakness in the deep inguinal ring which abdominal contents pass through results in?

A

Indirect hernia

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16
Q

Which type of peritoneum is sensitive to pain?

A

Parietal

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17
Q

Name the retroperitoneal organs

A

Pancreas (except tail)
Kidneys
Ascending colon
Descending colon

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18
Q

Name the intraperitoneal organs

A 
Spleen
Stomach
Jejenum
Ileum
Transverse colon
Sigmoid colon
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19
Q

At what vertebral level does the celiac trunk emerge from the abdominal aorta?

A

T12

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20
Q

At what vertebral level does the SMA emerge from the abdominal aorta?

A

L1

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21
Q

At what vertebral level do the renal arteries emerge from the abdominal aorta?

A

L2

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22
Q

At what vertebral level does the IMA emerge from the abdominal aorta?

A

L3

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23
Q

At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate to form the 2 common iliac arteries?

A

L4

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24
Q

At what vertebral level do the common iliac arteries bifurcate to form the external and internal iliac arteries?

A

L5

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25
What arteries does the celiac trunk give off?
Common hepatic artery Left gastric artery Splenic artery
26
Which part of the gut is supplied by the celiac trunk?
The foregut
27
Which part of the gut is supplied by the SMA?
The midgut
28
Which part of the gut is supplied by the IMA?
Hindgut
29
At what vertebral level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm and which other structures pass through with it?
T10 Vagus nerve Left inferior phrenic vessels
30
What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
Controls flow of chyme between pylorus of stomach and duodenum
31
Which layer of the stomach forms rugae?
Mucosa
32
Which ligament separates the right and left lobes of the liver?
Falciform ligament
33
The ligamentum teres is the remnant of which embryological structure?
Left fetal umbilical vein
34
The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of which 2 vessels?
Superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein
35
What structures are present at the porta hepatis on the posterior surface of liver?
Hepatic artery Hepatic portal vein Common hepatic duct
36
Name the duct that is formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct
Common bile duct
37
Where is bile produced?
Liver
38
Where is bile stored?
Gallbladder
39
What is the surface marking of the gallbladder?
9th costal cartilage at the midclavicular line on the right hand side
40
What is the surface marking of the spleen?
Lies obliquely along the axis of the 10th rib
41
Name 2 functions of the spleen
Acts as a filter for blood by removing old or damaged red blood cells Important role in immune responses
42
During a cholecystectomy, what artery must the surgeon be careful to avoid?
Cystic artery in Calot's triangle
43
What are the teniae coli made up of?
3 bands of longitudinal muscle
44
How are the haustra formed?
Contraction of teniae coli
45
Which artery supplies the superior 1/3 of the rectum?
Superior rectal artery - branch of IMA
46
What artery supplies the middle 1/3 of the rectum?
Middle rectal artery - branch of internal iliac
47
Which artery supplies the inferior 1/3 of the rectum?
Inferior rectal artery - branch of internal iliac
48
What vertebral level do the kidneys lie at?
T12-L3
49
What vertebral level does the hilum of the kidney lie at?
L1 (transpyloric plane)
50
Which vein drains into the left renal vein?
Left gonadal vein
51
Are the ureters retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?
Retroperitoneal
52
Which type of epithelium lines the ureters?
Stratified transitional epithelium
53
Which type of tissue are the walls of the bladder composed of?
Elastic tissue
54
Which type of epithelium lines the bladder?
Stratified transitional epithelium
55
Which arteries supply the thyroid gland?
Superior thyroid artery (branch of ECA) | Inferior thyroid artery (branch of subclavian)
56
Which arteries mainly supply the parathyroid glands?
Inferior thyroid arteries
57
What do the parathyroid glands release?
PTH
58
What effect does PTH have on plasma calcium levels?
Increases plasma calcium
59
Which surface of the thyroid gland do the parathyroid glands lie on?
Lateral half of posterior surface
60
What substance is produced in the zona reticularis of the suprarenal glands?
Sex hormones e.g. testosterone
61
What substance is produced in the zona fasiculataof the suprarenal glands?
Cortisol
62
What substance is produced in the zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal glands?
Aldosterone
63
What substance is produced in the medulla of the suprarenal glands?
Catecholamines e.g. norepinephrine
64
What is the action of orbicularis oculi?
Closes the eye
65
Which muscle gives motor innervation to orbicularis oculi?
CN VII
66
Which branch of the facial nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior tongue?
Chorda tympani
67
Which branch of the trigeminal nerve provides motor and sensory innervation?
V3
68
Which nerve innervates the parotid salivary gland?
CN IX
69
Which nerve innervates the submandibular salivary gland?
CN VII
70
Which nerve innervates the sublingual salivary gland?
CN VII
71
Which muscle does the parotid duct pierce to enter the oral cavity?
Buccinator muscle
72
Which muscles elevate the hyoid bone?
Myohyoid Geniohyoid Digastric Stylohyoid
73
Which muscles depress the hyoid bone?
Omohyoid Thyrohyoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid
74
Which muscles act to open the jaw and depress the mandible?
Lateral pterygoid With help from: Myohyoid Geniohyoid Digastric
75
Which muscles of mastication close the jaw?
Temporalis Masseter Medial pterygoid
76
Which of the 2 pterygoid muscles is largest?
Medial
77
What opens into the superior meatus?
Posterior ethmoid air cells
78
What opens into the middle meatus?
Maxillary sinus Frontal sinus Anterior and middle ethmoid air cells
79
What opens into the inferior meatus?
Nasolacrimal duct
80
Which nerves carry taste sensation from anterior 1/3 tongue?
Chorda tympani branch of CN VII
81
Which nerves carry general sensory fibres from anterior 1/3 tongue?
CN V3
82
Which nerves carry taste sensation from posterior 1/3 tongue?
CN IX
83
Which nerves carry general sensory fibres from posterior 1/3 tongue?
CN IX
84
What type of epithelium is present on the dorsal surface of the tongue?
Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
85
What are the surface elevations on the dorsal 1/3 of the tongue produced by?
Submucosal lymphoid tissue collections
86
At what age does the anterior fontanelle of the skull fuse?
18-24 months
87
At what age does the posterior fontanelle of the skull close?
2-3 months
88
Which embryological structure forms the lateral ventricles?
Telencephalon
89
Which embryological structure forms the 3rd ventricle?
Mesencephalon
90
Which embryological structure forms the midbrain
Mesencephalon
91
Which embryological structure forms the pons?
Metencephalon
92
Which embryological structure forms the medulla?
Myelencephalon
93
Which part of the neural tube do the optic vesicles grow out from?
Diencephalon
94
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Balance and motor coordination
95
Which fissure splits the cerebellum into a small anterior and a large posterior lobe?
Primary fissure
96
Which type of fibres are carried in the corpus callosum?
Commisural fibres
97
Which type of fibres are carried in the internal capsule?
Projection fibres
98
At what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate in adults?
L1
99
At what vertebral level would you carry out a lumbar puncture?
L3-L4
100
Which dural venous sinus runs superior to the falx cerebri?
Superior sagittal sinus
101
Which dural venous sinus lies beside the pituitary fossa?
Cavernous sinus
102
Which part of the ethmoid bone does the falx cerebri attach to anteriorly?
Cristi gali

Anatomy (2 decks)

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