Revision Flashcards
(60 cards)
What is a group
A group is two or more people who are connected and are interdependent In the sense that their needs and goals cause them to influence each other
Types of groups
Primary: sMall long term group
Secondary / social: small group interacting over extended period of time
Collectives: large group displaying similarities in actions and outlooks
Categories: large group sharing common attribute or otherwise related
Measurements
Observation: interaction process Analysis
Self report: sociometry
Ostracism
Definiton
Consequences
Methods
Consequences of ostracism
The temporal need threat model of ostracism:
Reflexive stage - pain
Reflective stage 1 appraisal and Coping
Resignation stage - alienation and depression
Ostracism example s
O train - ostracised target and included target
Cyberball: included vs ostracised
When do people seek affiliation?
When under stress / anxiety people seek affiliation for emotional support
When under uncertainty people seek affiliation for informational
When do people seek solitude
People seek solitude when they feel ostracised. In solitude they tend to lick ones wound
People seek solitude when they feel smothered. In solitude they rejuvenate
Social facillition route
Coactive or evaluative presence of others > arousal > likelihood of dominant response > performance on difficult poorly learned tasks and performance on easy well learned tasks
Why social facilitation occurs
Compressence - zajonic
Evaluation apprehension - cottrel
Distraction conflict - baron
Ringlemann effect and social loafing
Ringlemann studying men to understand oxen.
Latane Williams did coin term “social loafing” experiment in potential for coordination loss and noise production.
Conformity
Sheriff example for conformity
Conformity asch
Asch study of mine and people more likely to give wrong result if group say it’s right even tho they think it may be a diff answer
Obedience
Milligram study of giving people electric shocks
Meta analyses correlations of effectiveness of leaders
Showed emergence leaders are not always effective.
Openness and extroversion were most effective. Then emotion stability then agreeableness and then conscientiousness
Eagly et all study
Women more democratic and participatieve style
Men more autocratic of directive stuken
Women exceeds men is more effective but where men exceed women not as affective
Intragroup conflict
Commitment / entrapment Misperception of motives Influence techniques Reciprocity Coalitions Emotions
Two strategies to bridge the political divide
Egocentric arguments + exclusion >
Morally reframed arguments + inclusion
Poor group decision making: group polarisation
If someone gives 10,20,30 you’re more likely to give 40
Group think
Direct pressure on dissenters to conform
Illusion of unanimity
Illusion of invulnerability
Close minded
Stereotypes views of outgroup
Inergroup relations
To save time we exaggerate the average difference between groups
We also will exaggerate the similarity within groups
The stereotype content model
Based on competence and warmth
Low competence and high warmth is paternalistic stereotype (low status, not competitive like housewives elderly people)
Low competence low warmth is contemptuous stereotype (low status, competitive like welfare recipients, poor people)
High competence high warmth is admiration (high status, not competitive eg ingroup, close allies)
High competence low warmth is envious stereotype (high status, competitive) eg Asians, Jews, rich people, feminists
Dyads vs groups
Moreland aka group guy
Dyads are mode ephemeral than groups
Stronger emotions in dyads than in groups
Dyads are simpler than groups
Research in these two areas is carried out almost independently
Williams (aka ships guy)
Dyads are groups of two
Operate under same principles as groups of three or more
A plethora of group phenomena can be studied with dyads
The investment model of commitment
Satisfaction, quality of alternatives, investments, subjective norms
