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Revision deif Flashcards

1
Q

The phosphate is attached to … in the main nucleotide and bonded to the … carbon of the adjacent nucleotide

A

5 - 3

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2
Q

the more stable ( dna - rna )

A

Dna – double helix

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3
Q

DNA is asymmetrical ..

A

N.B is per. to one side - Free PO4 and OH in each side

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4
Q

كل ال bonds

A

covalent

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5
Q

ماعدا

A

Hydrogen bonds between N.B

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6
Q

ال PO4 اصلا بتبقي

A

-3

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7
Q

لما تبقي فري في الاخر ال PO4

A

-2

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8
Q

لما تبقي في وسط ال STRAND PO4

A

-1

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9
Q

1 Nucleotide =

A

1 sugar + 1 phosphate + 1 nitrogenous base

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10
Q

In DNA C2 has

A

H only not OH ( - O )

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11
Q

In RNA C2 has

A

OH

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12
Q

Pyramidins

A

TC الستات SINGLE RING

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13
Q

Puriens

A

AG الرجالة Double Ring

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14
Q

The 2 adjacent N.B

A

Covalent not hydrogen

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15
Q

Franklin code

A

ال snb دول عامود اكتر من واحد برا و جوا

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16
Q

Franklin studeis

A

1 - spiral
2 - N.B perp
3 - The sugar phospahte on outside and N.B inside
4 - Diameter of helix must be more than 1

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17
Q

Watson and Crick

A

2 strands like a ladder whose antiprallel
The rungs are the N.Bs
A double with T G trible with C
Rungs are the same width alwayys
Each turn of 1 molecule = 20 Nucleotides
Each turn of 1 strand = 10 Nucleotides

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18
Q

Chargaff rule

A

الرجالة = الستات
A + G = T + C

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19
Q

Diff. between proteins

A

1 - No - kind - arrangemet of 20 aa
2 - Weak H - bonds — shape
3 - No of Polymers

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20
Q

Protein bonds and reaction

A

Peptide by peptidyl transferase enzyme
Dehydration – H from amine - OH from Carb.a

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21
Q

Carbon next Carboxylic group

A

Alpha carbon

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22
Q

The structural bulding unit of protein

A

A.A

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23
Q

Simplest protein

A

Glycine - not alkyl group ( 19 ) only H
The no of alkyl groups only 19 as the aa are only 20 types - Glycine

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24
Q

Non-Histones regulatory

A

Antibodies - Hormones - Enzymes - Blood proteins as fibrinogen - albumin - globulin

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25
Structural Histones - Non Histones
Keratin - Fibrous proteins ( Actin and Myosin ) - Collagen of connective tissues as ligaments - bones - cartgs
26
Histones
Homogenous - Structural only Basic = Arginine - Lysine = +ve charge High amount Bind with PO4 Ten folds forming string of Nucleosomes
27
Non - Histones
Heterogenous - Structural and Regulatory Reg : DNA replication or Protein syn ? Str : Spatial Organization - Packed Cromatin 1 / 100.000 time folding Low amount
28
Proteins and DNA
Linear polymer of unbranched chains
29
most viruses are
DNA like Bacteriophage
30
The RNA Viruses
Influenza - HIV - Covid 19 - Hepatitis c - Poliomyelities
31
.... Bacteria has Plasmid
Some not all
32
Nucleoid = Nuclear area = ... volume of the cell
1 / 10
33
Eukaryote has Plasmid
Yeast fungus
34
... - ... have circular DNA like Plasmid but not Plasmid
Mitochondria - Chloroplast
35
Mitochondria - Chloroplast DNA
Not acc by Proteins
36
All prokaryotes are ..
Unicellular
37
Circle ( Ended joining )
Bacteria - Prokaryotes - Yeast Fungus
38
Origin of replication
Pro : one point Euo : Many points at same time
39
Steretched DNA length
Pro : 1.4 mm Euo : 2m
40
DNA of Pros are att to ..
Plasma membrane
41
Chromosome appear in
Prophase - Metaphase
42
Reach to .. tat enzymes can reach
Nucleosomes - to replicate or protein syn
43
Anaphase - Telophase
انا لوحدي
44
Chromatin amount of DNA and Protein
Equal
45
Griffith studied .. Bacteria
Pneumonia
46
Types of Pneumonia
R رقيقة عندها انتجن بتصيب بس مش بتموت S شرس ناعمة عندها كوت بتصيب و بتموت
47
لما حقنا ب R
اعراض بس ممتش خط الدفاع التالت بيفشخه
48
لما حقنا ب S
اعراض و مات اخترق خط الدفاع التالت
49
Dead S
و لا اي حاجة
50
Dead S + Live R
Bacterial Trans. R ---- S some mice dead
51
نهاية Griffith
Genetic material trans from bacteria to another one
52
Avary mat ... leh ?
mabdon - Isolated material from virulent and analysed that it was DNA - But not entirely pure contamination with protein
53
Crucial Experiment المطرقع
Use DNAse and try = no transformation 5alsasnaaa
54
Harshy and Chase الهارشين
Radioactive Phosphorus : DNA Radioactive Sulphur : Protein coat of Bacteriophage
55
Result of Harshy and Chase الهارشين
100 % of Phosphorus enter after 4 mins 3% of sulphur enter DNA is genetic material
56
عدد اللي اتعملوا بعد 32 دقيقة
100
57
بعد 4 دقايق
كل حاجة دخلت
58
مستخدموش N مشع
موجود في ال DNA و Protein
59
ال Helicase
يكسر مع اتجاه ال Leding من 3 ---- 5 عشان اللي ببنيه من فايف تو ثري
60
البنا
Polymerase اللي ببنيه من 5 تو 3
61
Lagging strand
اللي بيتبني من 5 --- 3 و اللي بيلزقه Ligase بيمشي زي مايكل جاكسون
62
مين يتكون الاول هيادروجين و لا فوسفودايستر
الهيادروجين طبعا عشان تعمل pair
63
ال Templete strand
اللي اوله تلاتة
64
the compination of strands after replication
ستارند من الجديد مع استراند من القديم ستارند من القديم مع استرند من الجديد
65
ما هو ال SHAR
Damage of DNA 1 - Some chemicals 2 - Body heat destructs the covalent bonds 3 - Aqueous environment yraga3 el H w OH 4 - Radiation - X - ray man
66
... are more supp. to damage
Purines Loses 5000 Purines !!!
67
DNA Ligase .. enzymes
20 enzymes
68
Ligase Repair
1 - Recognize 2 - Remove 3 - Repair يستخدم ستراند عشان يعرف الاستراند التاني كان فيه ايه
69
Why Ligase hero ?
2 - 3 Changes onlly in a year
70
امتي يحصل Mutation ?
نفس المكان في نفس الوقت في الاستراندين
71
نفس المكان في نفس الوقت في الاستراندين ايه نسبة انك تفلت ؟
25 %
72
ليه الفايرس بيحصله mutation كتير
Single Strand
73
Chromosomal Mutation in no :
1 - Klinefelter male xxy 47 2 - Turner female x 45 Polypoloidy : Non sep of chromatids after centomere division Failure of mem. formation between 2 daughter cells More common in plants
74
Polyploidy in animals
Snails - Worms Hermaphrotides Less common Liver - Pancreas --- Activity -- Tri or poly
75
Chromosomal Structure mutation
Exchange between 2 non homologous chromosomes Delete - Gain - Insertion or duplication of small seg Rotated gene 180 degree All about genes not nucleotides
76
Mutation acc. to Origin
Spon : Evolution without man inter. UV - cosmic rad - chemicals Induced : Radiation ( UV - GAMMA - X - RAYS ) chemicals : Mustard gas - Colchicine gas - Nitrous acid prod polyploidy - Seedless sweet fruit - Penicilium to prod antibiotic
77
chemicals of ind mutation
: Mustard gas - Colchicine gas - Nitrous acid
78
Mutation acc. to Location
Gamete inh. - Somatic ( more common in plants )
79
Mutation acc. to Inheritance
True -- Trans False -- Not Trans
80

Biology (3 decks)

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