Tips daif 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Organic Part of Nucleotide
A
Pentose - Nitrogen Base
2
Q
Inorganic Part of Nucleotide
A
Phosphate group
3
Q
Elements in Deoxyribose sugar
A
CHO
4
Q
Elements of Nitrogen bases
A
CHNO
5
Q
Adenine common also in
A
ATP
6
Q
The non terminal phosphate =
A
Not the last free group = conjugated = a group between 2 sugars
Att. with 5th carbon in its nucleotide - 3rd carbon of adj. Nucelotide
7
Q
Both studies identified Franklins Studies - Watson and Crick Model of DNA
A
-The spiral/helical shape of the molecule
-The position of nitrogen bases and sugar phosphates
·The presence of >1 strand in the molecule’s
8
Q
Watson and Crick helped us in identifying
A
the chemical bond between the nitrogen bases and that nucleotides on each strand must be antiparallel.
9
Q
لو عملنا نفس تجربة فرانكلين علي فايرس RNA
A
The nitrogenous bases are perpendicular to one of sides of a single sugar-phospbate backbone
و مش هتعرف انه اكتر من ستراند
10
Q
العرررض
A
مبيتغيرش يا دكترة
11
Q
Strands must be ANTIPARALLEL,WHY???
A
hydrogen bonds can attach properly and each purine is Linked with pyrimidine.
12
Q
Covalent Is .. than Hydrogen
A
Stronger
13
Q
·Hydrogen and covalent bonds
A
are in each of the DNA molecules and Proteins.( maintain the shape of protein )
14
Q
Hydrogen bonds: Responsible for stability DNA , but why WEAK ?
A
to be easily broken cellular processes like DNA REPLICATION.
15
Q
Peptide bonds are only found In
A
proteins.
16
Q
Each turn in the double helix
A
20 nucleotides
17
Q
Each turn in the single strand
A
10 nucleotides
18
Q
The half thickness of DNA molecule
The complete thickness of DNA molecule
A
Inm
2nm
19
Q
The distance between two successive sugar molecules on the same strand of DNA
A
0.34 nm
20
Q
The length of 1 turn
A
10x0.34=3.4nm
21
Q
The Length of 3 turns
A
3.4nm * 3 = 10.2 nm
22
Q
Number of double hydrogen bonds
A
Number of A or T
23
Q
Number of triple hydrogen bonds
A
Number of G or C
24
Q
Number of hydrogen bonds
A
Number of double hydrogen2 + Number of triple hydrogen3
25
No of turns in DNA strand =
nucleotides in one strand/ 10
26
Number of turns in a DNA mol
·Number of turns in DNA mol of nucleotides in the double molecule / 20
27
1 Rung
2 Nitrogenous bases (1 purine + 1pyrimidine) (3 chemical rings) (2 of purines and 1 of pyrimidines)
28
No of rungs =
No of purines = no. of Pyramidine = No of Nucleotides on one strand = Total nuceleotides on both strands / 2
29
No rings =
Rung / 3
30
امتي يكون
A + T = G + C
لما يكون كل واحد منهم 25 في المية
31
القانون العام
A + T = G + C
50% = 50%
32
No. linked ( bonded ) phosphate group = Phosphodiester bonds =
Nucleotides - 2
33
No Carbons of Deoxyribose sugar in DNA molecule
No nucleotides * 5
No turns * 100
34
عدد ال carbon اللي مش متصلة بالنيتروجينوس بيز
No. Nucleotides * 4
واحدة بس اللي مش متصلة
35
Number of Oxygen atoms in deoxyribose sugar
4 atoms
36
Number of Oxygen atoms in ribose sugar
5 atoms
37
Number of carbons in both deoxyribose and ribose sugar
5 atoms (Pentose)
38
The no. of oxygen atoms in a phosphate group
4 atoms
39
RNA is single stranded so to know the N.Bs
Should be tested chemically
40
Any protein is amino acid
Ture
41
All amino acids form Protein
No -- Non - protein amino acids in plants -- Canavanine - Cephalosporines
42
Number of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain = Number of water molecules removed = ..
No. amino acids -1
43
لو جابلك polypip اشكااال
ابقي عد ال Peptide bonds
44
ازاي تختار ال piptide bond في الاشكال
ال c
اللي ماسكة بدابل بوند مع ال O
و في البرانش مع ال N
هي البوند اللي بين ال C و ال N
45
Dehydration reaction or Condensation reaction
is a chemical reaction in which a chemical bond is formed, causing a molecule of water to be released
- In sugar-phosphate between adjacent nucleotides on the same strand
- In peptide chains between adjacent amino acids (peptide bond formation)
46
What is the difference between Thymosin and Thyroxine Hormone in its structure?
1) Number, types and arrangement of the 20 amino acids in the polymers (polypeptide
2 ) 2) Number of polypeptide chains forming the protein.
3 ) Presence of weak hydrogen bonds between the polypeptide chain which give the protein special shape
47
Structural Protein
Keratin : Protective covering tissues as SKIN which acts as a first line of defense in immune system
·Fibrous proteins (Actin and Myosin
Collagen
Histones proteins
Structural non-histones proteins
48
Regulatory Protein
Antibodies which provide immunity against infection by foreign bodies.
Enzymes
Blood proteins
Regulatory non-histones proteins
Hormones ( Only proteinc ones )
49
Hydrogen
Bonds in
Protein
structure
Give the protein
its special shape
50
Hydrogen Bonds in DNA
structure
Maintain the double helix
(spiral helix)of the DNA
molecule by connecting
the 2 (opposite or Complementary for stability )
51
Eukaryotic Organisms
May be unicellular or Multicellular
May reproduce Sexually or Asexually
Examples: Human Amoeba, Yeast,Planaria,Fungi
52
Prokaryotic Organisms
Unicellular only
Reproduce Asexually
Examples : E.coli bacteria
53
E.coli in Prokaryotes and Yeast in Eukaryotes are similar in
the presence of plasmids.
54
خلي بالك ان ال
Prokaryotes
تقول عليها بس DNA مش chromosome
عشان لازم الكروموسوم يبقي فيه بروتين
55
Bacteria
have only one DNA molecule, therefore it carries one copy of traits (Haploid).
56
Not all Prokaryotes have Plasmids but ..
if they have, they can have more than one.
57
Length of main circular DNA is much longer than the Length of Bacteria, and for that reason the main DNA is super coiled and folded many times to fit in without Proteins.
length of main circular DNA = 1.4 mm
Length of Bacteria = 2 microns
58
DNA in Prokaryotes- Plasmid
Circular
59
DNA in Prokaryotes-
Found in prokaryotic organisms
60
Plasmid
Found in prokaryotic organisms and some Eukaryotic organism (e.g.yeast fungus
61
DNA in Prokaryotes- Plasmid
Found in Cytoplasm
Not Complicated with proteins
Double helix and its ends joined together
Don't have 5'end and 3'end
No free phosphate groups or free hydroxyl groups
62
DNA in Prokaryotes-
Length=1.4 mm
Carry genes essential for the life of the organism
Most of them are responsible for RNA and Protein synthesis
63
Plasmid
Length is shorter than 1.4 mm
Carry genes not essential for the life of the organism
Widely used in Genetic Engineering
64
كل ما ال Main DNA يتكاثر
ال Plasmid يتكاثر معاه
65
Eukaryotic DNA
Prokaryotic DNA
Number of free Hydroxyl
groups in 1 molecule = 2 / 0
Number of free Phosphate
groups in 1molecule = 2 / 0
Made of double helices
66
Circular DNA is mainly present in Prokaryotic cells
But the exceptions
Mitochondria of animal cells.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts of plant cells.
و دول عندهم circular بس مش plasmid
67
Sperms contain 2 types of DNA:
Circular DNA>>Mitochondria (in the Midpiece)
Linear DNA >> Nucleus (in the head)
68
The resulted 2 cells of Mio1 of 2n cell
23 chromosomes
46 chromatids
46 DNA Mols.
69
The resulted 4 cells of Mio2 of the 2 n cells
23 chromosomes
23 chromatids
23 DNA mols
70
DNA duplication
46 Chromosomes
92 chromatids
92 DNA mols
71
What distinguishes the DNA in Eukaryotes from that in Prokaryotes
is that it is
found in the form of nucleosomes
72
Crossing over
A-Primary Spermatocytes
B-Primary Oocytes
C-Cells that are found in the
sporangium of polypodium
73
DNA 2m in
2 microns nucleus w/ Packing
74
Structural Unit of Chromosome
Nucleosome
75
Structural unit of DNA
Nucleotides
76
Structural unit of Protein
Amino acids
77
Proteins responsible for the functional performance of DNA molecule
Regulatory non-histone
78
Proteins responsible for the spatial organization of DNA molecule
Structural non-histone
79
Responsible for making DNA fit into the nucleus Used in DNA Packing
Structural Non-histones & Histones
80
Budding in Hydra is replication process
So I need the unpacking to Nucleus divides mitotically in Hydra and also due to presence of nucleus
the Hydra is considered to be an Eukaryotic organism
81
The different sequences of nucleotides is responsible for the variation of genetic information in DNA molecule.
Gene
82
The presence of a capsule layer in S-strain bacteria helps the bacteria in susceptibility of the bacteria to immune cells.S- strain can overcome the third line of defense
evading the immune cell as it
can't recognize it and increases its pathogenicity, while
the absence of it in the R strain increases the
83
Bacterial transformation leads to the transformation of non-virulent (R strain) to
virulent (S strain) due to
transfer of genes responsible for formation of the capsule
84
The gene of Capsule may be
On Plasmid or Main DNA
85
B - lymphocytes recognize the antigen
In R not S
86
لما يظهر عليه اعراض اول مرة
تاني مرة احطله R هيخلص عليها بسرعة عشان
Memory cells
87
Avary
مات مبضون عشان قالوله ممكن ال DNA
متاص بروتين
88
Protease
Break Proteins
89
Lipase
Break Lipids
90
Crucial experiment
الحاسمة عشان عرفنا ان الدي ان اي هو المادة الوراثية
91
Experiments
Griffith's
experiment → discovered bacterial
transformation . But didn't explain how genetic
material transfer
Avery and his
colleagues → isolated DNA as the
bacterial
transforming material But the DNA was contaminated with some proteins
The crucial experiment → proved that DNA is the genetic material,
92
Bacteriophages are a type of virus that has special traits:
·It infects bacterial cells only.
·It is highly specific to the type of bacterial
cells it infects.
93
Harshey and Chase
Labelled coat→ S*
Labelled DNA → P*
·100% of the radioactive phosphorus entered and only less than 3%of the radioactive sulphur entered
94
Radioactivity
·If we put the labelled phage in a medium "bacterial cell" containing radioactive phosphorus > bases in
bacterial cytoplasm will be radioactive > all the DNA of the 100 phages will contain radioactive phosphorus.
Labeling bacterial DNA only by P* has no effect on level of radioactivity 3ashan ana ba7od mn cytoplasm the free nucleotides
95
لو فيه نومال ميديم
2 بس مشع و الباقي عادي
96
لو فيه ميديم مشع
كل اللي هبنيه هيبقي مشع
97
When a bacteriophage inserts its DNA
into the bacterial cell, the bacteria can
still survive?
اه لو عندها
restriction endonuclease enzyme
98
New bacteriophages is formed after ..
after 28 minutes not 32 minutes
After 32 minutes → Cell of bacteria burst releasing the formed
phages
99
After 64mins if you put one bacteriophage in medium of bacteria
10000
100
The following changes are not Considered as Cell division So no DNA duplication occurs before them
The formation of zygospore from zygote in spirogyra algae
The formation of Primary spermatocyte from spermatogonia
The formation of primary oocyte from oogonia
The formation of sperms form spermatids
The formation of ookinete from the zygote of plasmodium malaria
101
First the DNA must be unwounded so that ..
the enzymes can work.
102
Part is unwounded and replicates then another part is unwounded and replicates, ..
as the nucleus is small so, not all the DNA can be unwounded at the same time.
103
Helicase
Breaking the hydrogen bonds, creating the replication fork in
preparation for DNA replication.
104
Helicase direction of action =
overall replication direction.
105
·DNA Polymerase builds ONLY
from 5' to 3'.
So for the template strand 3' to 5': Polymerase has no
problem → Leading strand
d.·But for the template strand 5' to
3': Polymerase builds small segments in the direction from 5'
to 3' then DNA Ligase joins them→ Lagging strand.
106
First produced fragment is:
1- The farthest from the hydrogen bonds between the two original strands
2- The nearest to the entrance of helicase enzyme.
3- Located outside.
107
The order of the fragments in the lagging strand (from oldest to newest)
مايكل جاكسون
108
During DNA replication:
1- The hydrogen bonds are formed first, between the nitrogenous base (on the template strand) and the complementary base (on
the new strand) "opposite".
2 - The phosphodiester bond is formed
109
Ligase
Joins the small Okazaki fragments or gaps between the sugar-phosphate
backbone of DNA strand (built form
template 5'to 3') by forming a
phosphodiester bond (covalent).
110
Despite the large number of regions from which replication begins in eukaryotes, replication in prokaryotes is
faster than in eukaryotes
because DNA in eukaryotes is condensed in a chromatin form, which needs to be
unpacked from the proteins part by part and this takes time, while in prokaryotes DNA is wrapped around itself.
111
Replication in eukaryotes
In the nucleus
From any point along its
length (at the same time to
increase the speed)
Must be unpacked to at least
string of nucleosomes
Must be unpacked to at least
string of nucleosomes
112
Replication in prokaryotes
In the cytoplasm (main DNA
&plasmid)
Begins at the point of DNA contact
with the plasma membrane
DNA does not wrap around
proteins and does not exist in
the form of chromatin, but
rather wraps around itself
Faster because the genetic content is
smaller and no need for unpacking
113
Replication of
plasmid takes place
..
at the same time at
which the main DNA replication occurs.
114
If this cell is placed in a medium contalning radioactive phosphorus → all produced DNA molecules will contain radioactive
strands
If this cell placed in medium containing normal phosphorus
→ only two DNA molecules will contain one radioactive strand each,
the other DNA molecules will contain normal strands
115
Repair: by DNA ligase → 3Rs.
1) Recognize the damaged area of DNA.
2) Remove it.
3) Replace it with a new nucleotide that pairs with that is found on the opposite strand.
116
Repair can only happen when
damage happens on one of the strands, but if it happens at the same place at the same time at the opposite two
strands, it
can't be repaired.
117
Damages / changes happen more in
RNA (as AIDS virus) than in DNA (as
strand that can be used to repair defects while RNA is single stranded.
118
The weakest bond in DNA molecule is Hydrogen bond
بتسمح بال
unwinding and separating
the two strands during DNA replication process and Transcription process
119
Sudden change in the nature of hereditary factors controlling certain traits
which leads to the change in these traits in the living organisms.
Mutation
120
True mutation
The mutation must occur in the genetic material involved in the sexual process of reproduction so
that it can be transmitted to subsequent generations.
121
Exceptions True mutation
1) Mutation in bacteria "as they consist of only one cell"
2) Organisms that reproduce asexually as it depends on parent cell
3) Vegatative propagation in plants
Another Example: R-strain when transformed into S-strain and then S-strain gives
other S-strain bacteria "Bacterial Transformation"
122
Gamete mutation
All tissues of spring are affected
123
Somatic mutation
Specific tissue is affected
124
True Somatic
In Organisms prod asexually
125
True Gamete
Prod. sexually w/ gametes
126
False gamete mutation
Turner - Klinefelder
Organisms prod sex and asex like Hydra and sponges
127
If the mitochondria of mom - father affected
father -- affect only the sperm motion
Mom -- affect the zygote
128
If mutation in y sperm the prod son
only will transfer the mutations to his sons
129
Change in nucleotides or codons
Gene mutation
130
Change in genes - Chromosomes
Chromosomal Mutation
131
Gene Mutation
Change in gene structure mainly in .nucleotides arrangement : Substitution
·Insertion ·Deletion
132
Chromosome Mutation
1) Change In chromosome number: Inc. or dec.
Gain or loss of
chromosomes (Aneuploldy)
Turner's (lacking a sex chromosome)
Klinefelter synd.
Polyploidy
rotate 180
Transfer in non-hom chromosome
133
Adding colchicine - Mustard gas - Nitrous acid
Leads to Production of higher amount of auxins due to enlargement of cells( polyploidal plant)
Higher Auxins reach ovary & Stimulates it to form seedless fruit
134
Bigger size of fruit & No Seeds → Polyploidy.
Normal size of fruit & No Seeds → Parthenocarpy
