Revision EH - what need to know Flashcards
what is the medicare rebate for:
a) GP services
b) out-of-hospital services
c) in-hospital services
a) 100%
b) 85%
c) 75%
What is a schedule fee vs a reccommeneded fee?
SF= Fee for a given service set by the AUS government
RF= guide for doctors with suggested fees set by AMA
What does ‘the gap’ in medicare refer to?
difference between total cost of med treatment and schedule fee
What is the PBS safety Net and it’s purpose?
safety net threshold.
When reach a certain $ amount spent on medications will qualify.
protects those with chronic conditions from large medical costs
What does an odds ratio tell us?
The odds that one thing is related to another.
OR>1 = exposure MAY INCREASE risk of disease
OR<1 exposure may DECREASE risk of disease
What is relative risk and what does it mean?
estimation magnitude of association
RR>1 = risk of disease INCREASED as result of exposure
what is relative risk reduction and how is it interpreted?
Tells you by how much the treatment reduced the risk of bad outcomes relative to the control group
e.g
the incidence of disease in those exposed is 1% and the incidence of disease in those not exposed is 2%, then the RRR is 50% = , this is read as “your risk of disease is 50% greater than someone who is not exposed”
Absolute risk vs relative risk
absolute risk provides the direct probability of an event occurring, while relative risk compares the risk between two groups
interpretations of a P value
P<= 0.05 = less than 5% chance of difference due to chance.
P> 0.05 = probability that chance explains the difference is too high for null hypothesise to be rejected = not statistically significant
what is a confidence interval and how is it interpreted?
= Range in which reflects certain degree of assurance of where the true value lies.
interpretation
- can not include 1
if the interval contains the null value (e.g., 0 for a difference between two groups), it suggests that there is no statistically significant difference
What is population driven by?
fertility, mortality and migration
what is used to asses fertility?
CBR: live births per 1000
TFR: children woman likely to have in reproductive life
How is mortality measured?
CDR: deaths per 1000 of the population
Describe the current shift in Population in Australia (Indigenous Australians and Non-Indigenous Australians)
Non= contracting (TFR is below the replacement rate, living longer)
IA= expanding
Define infant mortality and child mortality rates
IMR= the number of children that die under one year of age in a given year, per 1,000 live births,
CMR= deaths of children aged 1-4 per 1000 live births.
What does the Demographic transition theory present?
Changing the composition of society
What does the Epidemiological transition theory present?
changing disease types and patterns
what is a replacement rate?
adjusted fertility rate required to maintain the population
what is the dependency ratio?
non-working: working age
potential socioeconomic burden on the working age by the young and elderly.
Health inequality vs inequity
Inequality = differences in health status
inequities: unjust, unfair or preventable
what are the upstream, midstream and downstream factors of health?
upstream = environmental factors, socioeconomic characteristics, broad features of society and knowledge, attitudes and beliefs
midstream= psychological factors, health services
downstream- biomedical
what are Social Determinants of Health?
Causes of the causes of ill-health
What is a Social Gradient? what is it caused by?
Graded relationship between SES n health in which poorest have worst health status.
caused by: natural selection, behavioural/cultural factors, structural factors and psychosocial capital
How can SDoH affect our health?
it affects:
- risk associated with developing disease
-the disease it self
-the capacity that people have to take action to prevent/treat
