REVISION QUESTIONS Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
Inducing an artificial luteal phase with lower than luteal progesterone concentration can cause a. Prolonged follicular dominance, oocyte degeneration and reduced fertility b. seasonal anoestrous c. Positive feedback to the hypothalamus and hyperstimulation of the ovaries d. Stimulation FSH and LH release inducing emergence of a new follicular wave e. Ovulation induction through the stimulation of an LH surge from the pituitary gland
A
a. Prolonged follicular dominance, oocyte degeneration and reduced fertility
2
Q
From the following, which statement explains the rationality of using oestrogens in an oestrous synchronisation protocol a. Supress progesterone and stimulate FSH to induce oestrus b. Stimulate an LH surge to initiate a new follicular phase in 3 to 5 days c. Supress follicular development and hastens the emergence of a new follicular wave d. Stimulate follicular development reducing the time to ovulation and emergence of a new follicular wave e. Supress progesterone and stimulate the LH surge to cause ovulation
A
c. Supress follicular development and hastens the emergence of a new follicular wave
3
Q
During a 200 day pregnancy examination you diagnose a mummified foetus. What is the drug or drugs of choice to treat this condition a. Prostaglandins b. Prostaglandins + Dexamethasone c. Dexamethasone d. Oestrogen + Prostaglandins e. Oestrogen + Dexamethasone
A
a. Prostaglandins (not dexamethasone as don’t need to trigger foetal stress because its already dead!)
4
Q
You receive a call from a client to do pregnancy diagnosis in beef cattle herd 60 days after they have been with the bull. You palpate the herd and find about 50% of cows open and a respresentative number of cows with pyometra. This scenario may suggests involvement of what agent? a. Tritrichomonas b. Letospira c. Campylobacter d. Neospora e. Brucella
A
a. Tritrichomonas
5
Q
Neospora canis is an important cause of reproductive failures in cattle . What route of transmission is the most important one within a herd? a. Mixing with intermediate hosts b. Cow to Cow c. Ingestion of contaminated food water d. persistently infected cow e. Venereal
A
d. persistently infected cow Endogenous transplacental transmission –> get congenitally infected calves that increase level of background abortions i.e. also called persistently infected calves, BVDV
6
Q
Oestrus suppression in the bitch can be done a. Using megestrol acetate orally b. Using testosterone injections c. Using androgens orally d. More than one of these answers is correct e. None of the answers is correct
A
d. More than one of these answers is correct
7
Q
Owner of a dog calls you about 6 weeks after it was bred because it looks fat and has been feeling bad. She may be drinking more water than usual and urinated in the house (ver odd for this dog). The other vet told them the dog was not pregnant last week. Your primary rule out at this time is: a. pyometra b. Whelping c. Pseudogenetra d. Metritis e. Gastritis
A
a. pyometra 6 weeks ago she was in dioestrus –> want to mate her next heat
8
Q
An owner calls you and tells you that they just saw their dog get bred by an unwanted male. They want to know what to do. What are the options you recommend for this mismated female? a. do a pregnancy exam about 30 days after breeding and give dexamethasone for at least 10 days or until pregnancy is terminated if pregnant b. Do a pregnancy exam about 30 days after breeding and give ECP if she is pregnant c. Do a pregnancy exam about 30 days after breeding and give dexamethasone for no more than 3 days if she is pregnant d. Do a pregnancy exam about 30 days after breeding and give prostaglandin for no more than 3 days if pregnant e. Just give GnRH for at least 10 days
A
a. do a pregnancy exam about 30 days after breeding and give dexamethasone for at least 10 days or until pregnancy is terminated if pregnant
9
Q
A client calls you because she has bred 4 queens in the last month with the same tom, and none of them have become pregnant. She wants you to investigate the tom’s ability to produce semen. Which of the following methods can you use to determine if semen is being produced by the tom a. Any of the answers show the presence of sperm production b. collect semen with an artificial vagina c. collect semen with an electroejaculater d. collect semen from the queen’s vagina after breeding e. collect urine via cystocentesis to check for sperm
A
a. Any of the answers show the presence of sperm production (remember that this was all the options, not which is the best)
10
Q
To check for sperm production in a tom cat a. You can check the urine to check for retrograde ejaculation b. You must collect semen with an artificial vagina c. You must collect semen with an electroejaculator d. Is not possible because of the spines on the penis e. Run a thyroid hormone panel
A
a. You can check the urine to check for retrograde ejaculation
11
Q
Most common neoplasia affecting the stallion penis a. Squamous cell carcinomas b. Melanomas c. Sarcoids d. Papillomas
A
a. Squamous cell carcinomas
12
Q
- You are managing a thoroughbred stud farm that has 10 stallions. The number of broodmares in the farm is 200 and the stallion also service outside mares. How can you estimate the number of mares you can booked to each stallion? a. Calculate the extra-gonadal sperm reserves b. Perform a BSE and calculate the daily sperm output (DSO) c. Do nothing, last season the stallion bred more than 500 mares d. Collect the stallion and divide the ejaculate to inseminate seasonal mares
A
b. Perform a BSE and calculate the daily sperm output (DSO)
13
Q
From the following, select the horse breed in which artificial inseminations not performed a. Standardbred b. Quarter horse c. Andalusian d. Thoroughbred
A
d. Thoroughbred
14
Q
- Priapism in stallions is a condition commonly associated with the administration of a. Acepromazine b. Xylazine c. Butorphanol d. Benzotropine mesylate
A
a. Acepromazine
15
Q
Hematocele or hydrocele affect spermatogenesis by a. Leydig cell beome refractory to FSH b. Affecting testicular movement within the scrotum c. Affecting testicular thermoregulation d. Blockage of the ductus deferens
A
c. Affecting testicular thermoregulation
16
Q
Treatment of stallions harbouring Taylorella euigenitalis consit of a. Scrubbing the penis with chlorohexidine and application of nitrofurazone ointment b. Rinse with sterile saline solution and administration of penicillin c. No treatment needed, the infection is self-limiting d. There is no treatment of Taylorella equigenitalis
A
a. Scrubbing the penis with chlorohexidine and application of nitrofurazone ointment
17
Q
Hormones that initiate the emergence of a new follicular wave in cattle a. FSH b. Estrogen c. LH d. Progesterone
A
a. FSH
18
Q
Method to collect semen from a stallion a. Articial vagina b. Chemical ejaculation c. Use of a condom d. All are correct
A
d. All are correct
19
Q
In regards to cyclicity, mares are considered a. Seasonal polyoestrous (long day breeders) b. Seasonal polyoestrus (short day breeders) c. Monoestrous d. Polyoestrous
A
a. Seasonal polyoestrous (long day breeders)
20
Q
What characterise the vernal transition period? a. Shorter follicular and luteal phase b. Irregular oestrus behaviour c. Mares are not receptive to stallions d. Lack of FSH release by the adenohyophysis
A
b. Irregular oestrus behaviour
21
Q
- In equine pregnancy the feto-placental unit become steroidogenically competent to maintain pregnancy at how many days?
A
120-150 days
22
Q
How to determine serving capacity?
A
Physical examination and semen evaluation
23
Q
Most common bacterial isolate associated with equine placentits
A
Strep. Equi
24
Q
Mare has ultrasound 18 days post ovulation, is diagnosed with unilateral twins, recommendation?
A
Recheck the mare in couple of days. Mare are very efficient at reducing unilateral twins to a single pregnancy
25
Every inseminated mare will develop:
a transient endometritis
26
Equine placenta is classified as:
Epitheliochorial
27
Minimum number of motile spermatozoa recommended for insemination of a mare:
500 x 106 PMS for fresh or cooled (\>= 60%); \>320 x 106 PMS frozen (\>=30%)
28
Most important source of EVA transmission is:
Stallion carrier state
29
How to induce ovulation in the mare?
hGC
30
Can you can breed on foal heat as long as pregnancy was uneventful?
Yes but uterus involution hasn’t completed so pregnancy rate isn’t good
31
What is the meaning of the endometrial biopsy results?
They mean how likely it is they will carry a foal to term. NOT how well she will get pregnant.
32
An owner (not a regular client) calls you on a Saturday night when you want to have some beer and watch football. They say their bitch had a green discharge about 2 hours ago and has been pushing very hard for the last hour, but nothing has happened. You tell them: a. The bitch is having a problem and the owner should treat with twice the dose of oxytocin that is on the bottle b. Everything is going normally c. The bitch is in Stage I and they should not worry until she has a black discharge d. The bitch is having a problem and should be examined by you e. The bitch is more than likely having an overt pseudopregnancy
d. The bitch is having a problem and should be examined by you
33
2. The vaginal cytology of a dog that is in oestrous should be: a. Almost all cornified b. Half cornified and half non-cornified c. All non-cornified cells d. All intermediate e. All parabasal
a. Almost all cornified
34
3. In a herd affected by “repeat breeders”, what would be the most important control measurement to reduce the incidence? a. Remove persistent infected calves b. Avoid contact with infected cows c. Vaccination d. Communal grazing and breeding e. Use of virgin bulls
e. Use of virgin bulls
35
The owner of a mare wants you to do a vaginal culture on the bitch his male is to breed, so he is assured that the culture is negative to attain the highest fertility. You should tell the stud owner: a. You will more than likely grow a Pasteurella and a Strep, but it is normal flora b. The chances are the culture will not grow anything, because the bitch is pretty normal c. Yes that is correct, plus you can make an extra $$$ d. Anything you grow should be considered abnormal, and prophylactic treatment should have been done. You recommend waiting to breed until the next cycle and cultureing and treating before breeding them e. You will more than likely grow a Pasturella and a Strep, and you should treat
a. You will more than likely grow a Pasteurella and a Strep, but it is normal flora
36
When collecting semen for a breeding soundness exam in dog: a. The penis should be exteriorised from the sheath and pressure applied proximal (away from the tip of the penis) so the bulbous glandis and the sperm rich fraction is usually the last fraction b. The penis should be exteriorised from the penis to the bulbous glandis and the prostatic fraction is usually the last fraction c. The penis should be exteriorised from the sheath and pressure applied proximal (away from the tip of the penis) to the bulbus glandis and the prostatic fraction is usually the last fraction d. The penis should be grasped within the sheath and the erection should always be attained within the sheath e. The penis should be exteriorised from the sheath and pressure applied proximal (away from the tip of the penis) to the bulbous glandis and the prostatic fraction is usually the first fraction
c. The penis should be exteriorised from the sheath and pressure applied proximal (away from the tip of the penis) to the bulbus glandis and the prostatic fraction is usually the last fraction
37
A client calls you says her bitch has built a nest and adopted some shoes to nurse, and is actually starting to lactates. In your talk with her you suggest: a. The bitch is probably having an overt pseudopregnancy caused by a rise in progesterone and a fell in proleactin, but ultrasound would help your diagnosis b. The bitch is more than likely getting to shelp, but a radiograph would be of no use at this stage of her pregnancy c. The bitch is probably having an overt pseudo pregnancy caused by her losing a litter, but ultrasound would help your diagnosis d. The bitch is probably having overt pseudopregnancy and you question the owner if she just went out of estrus, but ultrasound would help your diagnosis e. The bitch is probably having an overt pseudopregnancy and you question the owner if she was is estrus about 2 months ago, but ultrasound would help your diagnosis
e. The bitch is probably having an overt pseudopregnancy and you question the owner if she was is estrus about 2 months ago, but ultrasound would help your diagnosis
38
A luteotropic hormone produced by the bitch a. Relaxin b. Melatonin c. Prolactin d. Inhibin e. Prostaglandin
c. Prolactin
39
A young, non-pregnant, non-parturient queen presents to you with enlarged mammary glands. You suggest: a. The queen probably has mammary neoplasia b. The queen probably has fibroadenometous mammary hyperplasia and should be treated with ECP c. The queen probably has fibroadenometous mammary hyperplasia and should be treated by removing the progesterone source d. The queen probably has fibroadenometous mammary hyperplasia and should be treated with progesterone e. The queen probably has fibroadenometous mammary hyperplasia and should be treated with megestrol acetate (Ovaban)
b. The queen probably has fibroadenometous mammary hyperplasia and should be treated with ECP
40
During the second stage of parturition, expulsive contractions are stimulated by: a. Foetal rotation b. Relaxin c. Oestrogen d. Prostaglandin from the endometrium e. Ferguson’s reflex
e. Ferguson’s reflex
41
10. Parturition in cattle can be induced by: a. B and d b. Corticosteroids c. Prostaglandins d. Oxytocin e. B and c
e. B and c
42
An owner calls you and tells you that they just saw their dog get bred by an unwanted male. They want to know what to do. What are their option for today? a. Give dexamethasone now before corpora lutea develop b. Give hCG now before the corpora lutea develop c. Inject ECP now while she is in cytologic estrus d. Give prostaglandis now before corpoar lutes develop e. Give cabergoline now before coppar lutea develop
c. Inject ECP now while she is in cytologic estrus
43
A herd infected with Campylobacter would characteried by a. Pyometra b. Encephalitis c. Repeat breeders d. Abortions e. Anoestrus
c. Repeat breeders
44
A client calls and asks you if it is possible to induce oestrus in their bitch. You tell them: a. Yes, it is possible to induce estrus using ECP, but the interestrus interval must be greater than at least 150 days. b. Yes, it is possible using cabergolins, but the interoestrus interval must be less than 150 days. c. Yes it is possible using deslorelin, but the interestrus interval must be greater than at least 150 days d. Yes it is possibleusing DES (Diethylstilbestrol). But the interestrus interval must be less than 150 days e. Yes it is possible to induce estrus using ECP, but the interestrus interval must be less than 150 days
c. Yes it is possible using deslorelin, but the interestrus interval must be greater than at least 150 days
45
Which will not work to abort a dog at 15 days after ovulation? a. A single dose of cabergolins b. More than one of the above c. A single dose of dexlorelin d. A single dose of dexamethansone e. A single dose of prostaglandin
b. More than one of the above
46
15. Dystocia in a bitch should be treated initially by: a. Injection of 1-2 mg of prostaglandin b. Injection of 1-2 ml dexamethasone c. Injection of 1-2 mg estrogen d. Injection of 1-2 IU of oxytocin e. Injection of 1-2mg progesterone
d. Injection of 1-2 IU of oxytocin
47
16. Induction of abortion in the dog can be done with: a. Prostaglandin, dexamethasone or prolactin inhibition b. Estrogen, progesterone, or prolactin c. Prostaglandin, progesterone, or prolactin d. Prostaglandin inhibitors, progesterone, or prolactin inhibitors e. Prostaglandin, progesterone, or prolactin inhibitors
a. Prostaglandin, dexamethasone or prolactin inhibition
48
17. In the dog, the LH surge can be measured indirectly by: a. Examining vaginal cytology b. Measuring the vaginal pH c. None of the above d. Measureing the urine estradiol e. Measuring plasma progesterone
e. Measuring plasma progesterone
49
18. A bitch that lactates after ovariohysterectomy has entered: a. Dioestrus b. Post-pertum period c. Interoestrus d. Overt pseudopregnancy e. Covert pseudopregnancy
Overt pseudopregnancy
50
19. What term describe the bovine cyclicity pattern a. Polyoestrous b. Seasonal polyoestrous (long days) c. Seasonal polyoestrous (short days) d. Seasonal monoestrous e. Monoestrous
a. Polyoestrous
51
20. Alkaline phosphate is a marker for: a. Brucella canis b. Ductus deferens patency c. Epididymal fluid d. Emission e. Normal sperm cell production
c. Epididymal fluid
52
21. Estrus suppression in the bitch can be done a. Using testosterone injections b. None of the answers are correct c. More than one of the answer is correct d. Using androgens orally e. Using megestrol acetate orally
b. None of the answers are correct
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22. In treating an overt pseudopregnancy your treatment should exclude: a. Mibolerone b. Mammary gland massage c. Cabergoline d. ‘breast binding’ e. Decreasing food and water intake
b. Mammary gland massage
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23. You have a client that wants to breed a bitch with frozen semen. They want to know when and how to breed. You tell them: a. Breed once on day 14 using regular artificial insemination b. Breed 6 to 7 days after the LH peak (which you determine by running progesterone tests) using trancervical insemination c. Breed on the LH peak (which you determine by running progesterone tests) using regular AI d. Breed 6 to 7 days after the LH peak (which you determine by vaginal cytology) using regular AI e. Breed 6 to 7 days after the LH peak (which you determine by running progesterone tests) using regular artificial insemination
b. Breed 6 to 7 days after the LH peak (which you determine by running progesterone tests) using trancervical insemination
55
24. In performing a breeding soundness examination (BSE) on a dog, sperm output is estimated by: a. None of the answer b. Counting the sperm concentration by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and multiplying the volume X the concentration to get sperm output c. Measuring the scrotal circumference d. Measuring the total scrotal width e. Counting the sperm concentration in a haemacytometer and multiplying the volume X the concentration to get sperm output
e. Counting the sperm concentration in a haemacytometer and multiplying the volume X the concentration to get sperm outpu
56
25. You are palpating a cow bred 80 d ago for pregnancy diagnosis. Assuming she is pregnant, what positive signs of pregnancy you should be able to palpate? a. Placentomes and fremitus b. Amniotic vesicle and placentomes c. Foetus and fremitus d. Foetal membrane slips and foetus e. Placentomes and foetus
e. Placentomes and foetus
57
26. In April a producer requests a consult with you. He is worried because pregnancy rates of cows bred during January and February were below 50%. What would be a reason for the decrease in pregnancy rate? a. Poor heat detection b. Short oestrus c. Cystic ovarian follicles d. Heat stress e. Sub-fertile bull
d. Heat stress
58
27. If a dog is pregnant, you would most likely expect it to whelp: a. 57 days from the LH peak b. 63 days from the first breeding c. 63 days from the last breeding d. 63 days from the LH peak e. 57 days from the first day of diestrus
e. 57 days from the first day of diestrus
59
28. Two types of disease are recognised by the infection with Leptospira interrogans. From these types, which one and what serovar are associated with abortion storms? a. Host-adapted, L. harjdo b. Host-adapted, L hardjoprajitano c. Accidental, L. harjdo d. Accidental, L. Pomona e. Host-adapted, L. Ponona
d. Accidental, L. Pomona
60
29. The purpose of performing a bull breeding soundness is to? a. Select “ super bull” b. Calculate the bull:cow ratio c. Eliminate bulls with poor breeding potential d. Select bulls with semen suitable for freezing e. Select the genetically superior bulls
c. Eliminate bulls with poor breeding potential
61
30. Stage of the oestrous cycle a cat normally wil enter in the spring if she is not bred during oestrous a. Anoestrus b. Post-oestrus c. Oestrus d. Metoestrus e. Dioestrus
b. Post-oestrus
62
31. You run a progesterone on a bitch that has many cells in the vaginal cytology. Half the cells are cornified and half are non-cornified. The progesterone is 1.0mg/ml. You conclude: a. The bitch is in proestrus because the progesterone is low b. The bitch is most likely at the LH peak because the progesterone is low c. The bitch is in diestrus because the progesterone is low d. The bitch is most likely in anestrus because the progesterone is low e. The bitch has already ovulated because the progesterone is low
a. The bitch is in proestrus because the progesterone is low
63
32. Brusella canis in the dog: a. Is characterised by high fever in the bitch b. Is characterised by abortion in the bitch c. Is characterised by pyometra in the bitch d. Is characterised by cystic ovaries in the bitch e. Is easily treated with prostaglandin
b. Is characterised by abortion in the bitch
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33. If a cat is not bred during oestrus a. She will not ovulate and go into a short diestrus if the days are getting shorter b. She will not ovulate and go into a prolonged anestrus if the days are getting longer c. She will ovulate and go into an anestrus if the days are getting shorter d. She will ovulate and go into diestrus e. She will not ovulate and go into an post-oestrus and return to oestrus in 1-10 days if the days are long
e. She will not ovulate and go into an post-oestrus and return to oestrus in 1-10 days if the days are long
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34. Duration of oestrus in the dog a. 12h b. 18h c. 6h d. 9 days e. 24h
d. 9 days
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35. You are presented with a pre-pubertal bitch showing signs of vaginitis. Your recommended treatment would be: a. Allow her to go through her first heat b. She probably has Brucellosis and need to euthanize c. Broad spectrum antibiotics d. Spay her as this may cause pyometra e. Chemotherapy as she most likely have TVT
a. Allow her to go through her first heat
67
36. You receive a call from a client to do pregnancy diagnosis in a beef cattle herd 60 days after they have been with the bull. You palpate the herd and found about 50% of the cows open and a representative number of cows with pyometra. This scenario may suggest the involvement of what agent? a. Neospora b. Brucella c. Leptospira d. Campylobacter e. Tritrichomonas
e. Tritrichomonas
68
37. You perform a vaginal cytology on a bitch and find all the cells to look like corn flakes ad the nuclei, if there are any are pyknotic. You conclude that the bitch is in: a. Late oestrus b. Anoestrus c. Early oestrous d. Oestrus e. Dioestrus
d. Oestrus
69
38. During a semen collection attempt no cells are seen in an ejaculate from a dog. What can be done to determine if sperm cell production really is absent? a. Do an alkaline phosphate analysis on the semen, if high you have an epididymal sample, you could then do an epididymal aspiration and/or testicular biopsy b. Perform a sperm count c. Do an alkaline phosphate analysis on the semen, if low you have an epididymal sample, you could then do an epididymal aspiration and/or testicular biopsy d. Do an alkaline phosphate analysis on the serum (blood), if high you have an epididymal sample, you could then do an epididymal aspiration and/or testicular biopsy e. Do an alkaline phosphate analysis on the semen, if high you have an epididymal sample, However you should never do an epididymal aspiration and/or testicular biopsy because of potential anti-sperm antibodies
a. Do an alkaline phosphate analysis on the semen, if high you have an epididymal sample, you could then do an epididymal aspiration and/or testicular biopsy
70
39. Brucella canis is best screened by a. Performing a testicular biopsy b. Performing a rapid slide agglutination test. c. Observing white cells in the semen d. Performing a semen culture e. Performing an epididymal aspirate
b. Performing a rapid slide agglutination test.
71
40. Steroid hormone used to induce oestrus in the vitch a. Oestrogen b. Testosterone c. Oxytocin d. Progesterone e. Prostaglandin
a. Oestrogen
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43. A refereeing DVM calls you because he has a breeding bitch (they do want pups in the future) with a pyometra. Your suggested treatment is: a. Antibiotics alone b. Cabergoline and antibiotics c. Forgesterone and antibiotics d. Spay e. Prostaglandin and antibiotics
e. Prostaglandin and antibiotics
73
44. During a farm in visit Mildura you are presented with a recently (\< 2h) aborted foetus. You submit the calf for necropsy and laboratory workshop (virus isolation and bacterial culture). The labortary findings are inconclusive and on necropsy the pathologist reported lesions to the CNS (microenchepaly). What virus and at what stage of gestation was this calf infected? a. BHV-1 and first trimester of gestation b. BHV-1 and second trimester of gestation c. Bluetongue and third trimester of gestation d. BVDV and second trimester of gestation e. BVDV and third trimester of gestion
d. BVDV and second trimester of gestation
74
45. During a 200d pregnancy examination you diagnose a mummified foetus. What is the drug of choice to treat this condition a. Oestrogen + Dexamethasone b. Oestrogen + Prostaglandins c. Prostaglandins d. Dexanethasone e. Progestaglandins + Dexamethasone
c. Prostaglandins
75
46. During pregnancy what hormone promotes mammary gland development, stimulate histotrophs secretion and inhibit myometrial contraction? a. Oestrogen b. Progesterone c. GnRH d. Pregnancy specific Protein B e. Placental lactogen
b. Progesterone
76
47. Overt pseudopregnancy (pseudogentra) in the bitch is chararterised by: a. Lactation, nesting, psychological behaviour at the beginning of diestrus in a non-pregnant bitch b. Lactation, nesting psychological behaviour at the expected whelping date in a non-pregnant bitch c. Lactation, nesting, psychological behaviour during estrus in a non-pregnant bitch d. Pyometra at the expected whelping date in a non-pregnant bitch e. Pyometra during estrus in a non-pregnant bitch
b. Lactation, nesting psychological behaviour at the expected whelping date in a non-pregnant bitch
77
48. You can determine the first day of dioestrus by: a. Determining the blood progesterone to be \> 5 ng/ml b. Determining the blood progesterone concentration to be \> 2 ng/ml c. Performing a vaginal cytology and finding 50 Cornified and 50% non-cornified cells in conjunction with a progesterone \< 2 ng/ml d. Performing a vaginal cytology and finding 100% cornified cells e. Performing a vaginal cytology and finding 50% cornified and 50 non-cornified cells in conjunction with a progesterone \> 5ng/ml
e. Performing a vaginal cytology and finding 50% cornified and 50 non-cornified cells in conjunction with a progesterone \> 5ng/ml
78
49. Estrus induction in a bitch should only be performed a. If the interestrus interval is greater than 5 months b. Using progesterone c. None of the answers are correct d. If the interestrus interval is less than 3 months e. More than one of the answer are correct
a. If the interestrus interval is greater than 5 months
79
50. When breeding a queen you should recommend breeding a. Anyway you can to prevent the ‘Aftercry’ from the female, which indicates a very painful breeding and will likely end up in an oaovulatory estrus b. Breeding at less than two hour intervals after the third day of estrus and attaining the ‘aftercry’ c. Not more than one time during estrus d. Breeding at greater than two hour intervals on the first day of oestrus and attaining the ‘aftercry’ e. Breeding at greater than two hour intervals after the third day of estrus and attaining the ‘aftercry’
d. Breeding at greater than two hour intervals on the first day of oestrus and attaining the ‘aftercry’
80
51. A client calls you with a question about her cat. They have a one year old cat that lives indoors and seems to be constantly in heat. What is the most likely explanation? a. She has an ovarian cyst b. She has a pituitary tumor c. She has an adrenal tumor d. She has an ovarian tumor e. She is having normal anovulatory oestrus periods with short post-oestrus periods
e. She is having normal anovulatory oestrus periods with short post-oestrus periods
81
52. Steroid hormone used to indirectly measure the LH peak in days a. Oxytocin b. Prostaglandis c. Estrogen d. Testosterone e. Progesterone
e. Progesterone
82
53. In the dog, the LH surge is triggered by a. Rise in estradiol at the end of diestrus b. None of the answer c. Rise in estradiol at the end of estrus d. Rise in progesterone at the end of progestrus e. Rise in estradiol at the end of proestrus
e. Rise in estradiol at the end of proestrus
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1. In the cow, the ______ produces ____ for maternal regcognition
a. Blastocyst b. IFN-tau
84
2. In a cow, which hormone is recommended to terminate diestrus Oxytocin Prostaglandin GnRH hCG
Prostaglandin
85
3. Which of the following is flase regarding retained foetal membranes in the mare Most commonly the non-gravid horn is retained Inspection of the placenta is necessary Does not require treatment Increased risk with dystocia
Does not require treatment
86
The dominant follicle produces ________ and ________ that causes a negative feedback to suppress FSH released from the anterior pituitary gland:
Oestrogen Inhibin
87
5. Equine pregnancy is dependent upon the corpus luteum until full term? True False
False
88
6. The use of _____ and _____ is recommended to abort a 210 days pregnant cow.
Prostaglandin + Dexamethasone
89
7. In the Ovosynch protocol for ovulation synchronisation, first we adminiter [a], seven days later [b] and then two days later [c].
a. GnRH, b. PGF, c. GnRH
90
8. During palpation per rectum of mare in oestrus, which of the following statements is TRUE? Cervix and uterus are relaxed Cervix is tight and uterus is toned Cervix is relaxed and uterus toned Cervix is tight and uterus relaxed
Cervix and uterus are relaxed
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9. Which of the following is the most reliable method of pregnancy detection in the bitch? Transabdominal ultrasound Oestrogen measurement Progesterone level \>1ng/mL Transabdominal palpation
Transabdominal ultrasound
92
10. Estrone sulphate can be used to detect pregnancy in the cow after how many days of gestation?
100
93
11. Foals derived from frozen/thawed semen artificial insemination are accepted for registration in the Thoroughbred stud book: True False
False
94
12. In early September a mare is presented for breeding with fresh cooled semen. The mare has been showing signs of heat constantly and now for the last 7 days, the owner recommends semen should be order as soon as she has a 35 mm follicle. What is recommended to manage this breeding? a. We should wait until she ovulates, she may be in transition b. Order semen when follicle is 30mm c. Give hCG when the follicle is 35mm and then order semen d. Order semen now, she has been in heat for the last 7 days
a. We should wait until she ovulates, she may be in transition
95
13. Which of the following is FALSE regarding canine dystocia? a. Oxytocin is used to stimulate uterine contractions b. 60% are resolved via C-section c. Primary uterine interia is the most common cause d. Commonly caused by caudal presentation of the foetus
d. Commonly caused by caudal presentation of the foetus
96
During canine breeding management, what hormone is commonly use to indirectly measure the LH surge?
Progesterone
97
Vaginal prolapse in a cow is commonly associated with elevated [a] in late pregnancy
Estrogen
98
The LH surge in the bitch can be indirectly assessed measuring what hormone?
Progesterone
99
Preganancy in the cow completely depends from CL progesterone production until day?
150
100
Canine pregnancy is completely dependent on CL produced progesterone? True False
True
101
Breeding a bitch in heat with fresh cooled semen is commonly recommended on days ____ after the peak.
3 + 6 OR 4 + 6
102
The equine embryo becomes fixed to the endometrium at day?
16
103
During the oestrus cycle, which of the following hormones or combination of hormone is produced by the dominant follicle to suppress FSH release from the anterior pituitary?
Oestrogen and inhibin
104
Drugs used to induce ovulation in a mare in heat with a 40mm follicle are ___ and \_\_\_
hCH and deslorelin
105
In equine pregnancy, the feto-placental unit becomes steroidogenically competent to maintain pregnancy at: a) 120 – 150 days b) 60 – 90 days c) 35 – 45 days d) 200 – 220 days
a) 120 – 150 days
106
In equine pregnancy, the feto-placental unit becomes steroidogenically competent to maintain pregnancy at: a) 120 – 150 days b) 60 – 90 days c) 35 – 45 days d) 200 – 220 days
a) 120 – 150 days
107
In early September you are asked to breed a mare with fresh cooled semen. The mare has been showing signs of heat constantly and now for the last 7 days, the owner insists you should order semen as soon as she has a 35mm follicle. You recommend: a) We should wait until she ovulates, she may be in transition b) Order semen now, she has been in heat for the last 7 days c) Order semen when the follicle is 30mm d) Give hCG when the follicle is 35mm and then order semen
a) We should wait until she ovulates, she may be in transition
108
During a farm visit in Mildura you are presented with a recently (\<2hr) aborted foetus. You submit the calf for necropsy and laboratory workup (virus isolation and bacterial culture). The laboratory findings are inconclusive and on necropsy the pathologist reported lesions to the CNS (microencephaly). What virus and at what stage of gestation was this calf infected? a) Bluetongue and third trimester of gestation b) BHV-1 and first trimester of gestation c) BVDV and second trimester of gestation d) BVDV and third trimester of gestation
c) BVDV and second trimester of gestation
109
The owner of a pregnant mare contacted you for a second opinion. The mare is supposed to be around 220 days pregnant, the referring vet took a blood sample to measure serum progesterone levels. Results came back as \<2ng/mL and determined the mare was not in foal. Your recommendation to assess the mare’s pregnancy status: a) Perform a transabdominal ultrasound for pregnancy diagnosis b) Re-take the sample to measure progesterone, levels may vary during the day c) You concur with your colleague d) Start treatment with altrenogest, the likelihood she is losing her pregnancy is high
a) Perform a transabdominal ultrasound for pregnancy diagnosis
110
Retrograde ejaculation in the tom is considered: a) A sign of orchitis b) A sign of Brucella felis c) A sign of infertility d) Normal
d) Normal
111
You are at a Standard bred farm for a BSE in a stallion. The stallion is very excited as the new breeding season just started causing difficulties to handle and perform the BSE. If you decide you need to give a drug to calm him, which of the following should you avoid using? a) Diazepam b) Acepromazine c) Xylazine d) Butorphanol
b) Acepromazine
112
The most common methods to induce ovulation in the queen are: a) Increase the daylight b) ECP or mibolerone c) hCG, GnRH, glass rod d) No need to induce ovulation in the queen, she is a spontaneous ovulator
c) hCG, GnRH, glass rod
113
Brucella canis in the dog: a) Is characterized by pyometra in the bitch b) Is easily treated with prostaglandin c) Is characterized by abortion in the bitch d) Is characterized by cystic ovaries in the bitch
c) Is characterized by abortion in the bitch
114
What is characteristic of the equine embryo after arrival into the uterus during early gestation? a) Secretes interferon-tau equi b) Covered by a capsule c) Elongates to cover the endometrium d) Always fixates ipsilateral to the ovulating ovary
a) Secretes interferon-tau equi ??
115
A client called, his mare was 230 days pregnant and aborted. No impending signs were noticed; this morning they found a fresh foetus within the foetal membranes. What abortive agent most likely is associated with this scenario? a) Equine viral arteritis virus b) Equine herpesvirus c) Fescue toxicoses d) Streptococcus spp
b) Equine herpesvirus
116
Select the correct statement in regards to infection with Taylorella equigenitalis: a) Stallions become infected and develop balanopostitis b) Stallions are asymptomatic carriers c) Stallions harbour the organism and develop orchitis d) Stallions become infertile
b) Stallions are asymptomatic carriers
117
A client comes to you with a 4 year old bitch that is ‘having her period ‘ (bloody discharge). They want to breed the dog with chilled semen from about 1000 miles away. The first thing you do (from the list below) after obtaining a history and doing a physical is: a) Do a qualitative progesterone b) Do a vaginal cytology c) Run a CBC d) Order the semen
b) Do a vaginal cytology
118
A 110 d postpartum dairy cow is presented to the clinic. The main complaint is anoestrus. On palpation per rectum you notice a normal uterus, a normal right ovary and a 2.5 cm round structure on the left ovary. The history and clinical findings can be associated with: a) Granulosa cell tumour b) Ovarian cysts c) Dominant follicle d) Ovarian teratoma
b) Ovarian cysts
119
The most important factor affecting the onset of puberty in cow is: a) Body weight b) Genotype c) Season d) Nutrition e) Social environment
a) Body weight
120
Inducing an artificial luteal phase with lower than luteal progesterone concentrations cause: a) Seasonal anoestrous b) Positive feedback to the hypothalamus and hyperstimulation of the ovaries c) Ovulation induction through the stimulation of an LH surge from the pituitary gland d) Stimulate FSH and LH release inducing emergence of a new follicular wave e) Prolonged follicular dominance, oocyte degeneration and reduced fertility
e) Prolonged follicular dominance, oocyte degeneration and reduced fertility
121
You receive a call from a client to do a pregnancy diagnosis in a beef cattle herd 60 days after they have been with the bull. You palpate the herd and found about 50% of the representative number of cows with pyometra. This scenario may suggest the involvement of what agent? a) Campylobacter b) Neospora c) Leptospira d) Brucella e) Tritrichomona
e) Tritrichomona
122
The follicular phase of the oestrous cycle is characterized by the following hormonal pattern: a) High progesterone, high oestradiol and increase frequency pulses of LH b) Low progesterone, high oestradiol and low frequency of LH pulses c) High progesterone, high oestradiol and increase frequency of LH pulses d) High progesterone, low oestradiol and low frequency of LH pulses e) Low progesterone, high oestradiol and increase frequency of LH pulses
e) Low progesterone, high oestradiol and increase frequency of LH pulses
123
BVDV annually cause millions of dollars of losses to the cattle industry. What is considered the most important source of disease within a herd? a) Persistent infected calves b) Transplacental c) Direct contact d) Haematogenous e) Venereal
a) Persistent infected calves
124
Cattle herds infected with BHV-1 commonly manifest what disease? a) Infectious rhinotracheitis b) Infectious balanoposthitis c) Infections with pustular vulvovaginitis d) Abortion storms e) Sporadic abortions
a) Infectious rhinotracheitis
125
In April, a producer requests a consult with you. He is worried because pregnancy rates of cows bred during January and February were below 50%. What would be a reason for the decrease in pregnancy rates? a) Poor heat detection b) Short oestrous c) Sub-fertile bull d) Cystic ovarian follicles e) Heat stress
e) Heat stress
126
Milk fever in cattle has the following signs: a) Tialism, tenesmus, reduce milk production b) Loss of appetite, depression, recumbency, acetone smell c) Recumbency, reduce milk production, left dorsal displacement d) Depression, muscle tremors, loss of appetite, reduce milk production e) Muscular weakness, recumbency, muscle tremors, hyper-excitability
e) Muscular weakness, recumbency, muscle tremors, hyper-excitability
127
During pregnancy what hormone promotes mammary gland development, stimulate histotrophs secretion and inhibit myometrial contractions? a) GnRH b) Progesterone c) Pregnancy Specific Protein B d) Oestrogen e) Placental lactogen
b) Progesterone
128
During the second stage of parturition, expulsive contractions are stimulated by: a) Relaxin b) Prostaglandin from the endometrium c) Oestrogen d) Ferguson’s reflex e) Foetal rotation
d) Ferguson’s reflex
129
Accurate pregnancy diagnosis in the bitch: a) Can be done with relaxin test at day 15 of dioestrus b) Can be done with ultrasound at day \>= 25 of dioestrus c) Can be done by prolactin test at 15 days of dioestrus d) Can be done with progesterone assay at day 25 e) Can be done with radiographs at day 25 of dioestrus
b) Can be done with ultrasound at day \>= 25 of dioestrus
130
From the following, which statement explains the rationality of using oestrogens in an oestrous synchronization protocol: a) Supress progesterone and stimulate the LH surge to induce oestrus b) Supress follicular development and hastens the emergence of a new follicular wave c) Supress progesterone and stimulate FSH to induce oestrus d) Stimulate follicular development reducing the time to ovulation and emergence of a new follicular wave e) Stimulate an LH surge to initiate a new follicular phase in 3 to 5 days
b) Supress follicular development and hastens the emergence of a new follicular wave
131
An owner (not a regular client) calls you on a Saturday night when you want to have some beer and watch football. They say their bitch had a green discharge about 2 hours ago and has been pushing very hard for the last hour, but nothing has happened. You tell them: a) The bitch is having a problem and the owner should treat with twice the dose of oxytocin that is on the bottle b) Everything is going normally c) The bitch is in Stage 1 and they should not worry until she has a black discharge d) The bitch is having a problem and should be examined immediately e) The bitch is more than likely having an overt pseudopregnancy
d) The bitch is having a problem and should be examined immediately
132
In a herd affected by Tritrichomonas, what would be the most important control measurement? a) Remove persistent infected calves b) Avoid contact with infected cows c) Vaccination d) Communal grazing and breeding e) Use of virgin bulls
e) Use of virgin bulls
133
Stage of the oestrous cycle a cat normally will enter in the spring if she is bred, ovulates, but does not get pregnant: a) Anoestrus b) Dioestrus c) Post-oestrus d) Interoestrus e) Oestrus
b) Dioestrus
134
A large red mass hanging out of the vulva of a bitch in pro-oestrus is: a) Most likely caused by hyperstimulation of the vaginal mucosa by oestrogen b) Indicative of false pregnancy c) Most likely caused by hyperstimulation of the vaginal mucosa to progesterone d) Should be treated with steroid injections parenterally e) Should be treated with intralesional steroid injections
a) Most likely caused by hyperstimulation of the vaginal mucosa by oestrogen
135
Neospora canis is an important cause of reproductive failures in cattle. What route of transmission is the most important one within a herd? a) Venereal b) Mixing with intermediate hosts c) Ingestion of contaminated food/water d) Cow to cow e) Persistently infected cows
e) Persistently infected cows
136
In treating overt pseudopregnancy your treatment should exclude: a) Mibolerone b) Mammary gland massage c) Cabergoline d) Bromocriptine e) Decreasing food and water intake
b) Mammary gland massage
137
Pustular lesions on the vagina of a horse - what is this likely to be?
Equine Herpes Virus 3
138
What is the purpose of perfomring a bull breeding
Eliminate bulls with poor breeding potential
139
You run a progesterone on a bitch that has many cells in vaginal cytology and half are cornified, low progesterone (1.0 ng/ml) means
She is in prooestrus (if it was high progesterone e.g. 15 ng/ml means she would be in dioestrus)
140
Stage of oestrous cycle a cat:
anoestrus --\> proestrus --\> oestrus --\> pregnant/pseudopregant --\> diestrus --\> anoestrus anoestrus --\> proestrus --\> oestrus --\> not pregnant --\> post-oestrus --\> anoestrus
141
You are presented with pre-pubertal bitch showing signs of vaginitis - what do you do?
allow her to go through the first heat (lack of oestrogen means there is an increase in likelihood of getting vaginitis/endometritis)
142
During a semen collection no cells are seen in ejaculate. what can be done to determine if sperm cell production is really abscent
Do an alkaline phosphatase anaylsis on the semen, if you have an epididymal sample, you could then do an epididymal sample (step by step)
143
What is a stump pyometra?
When Ovariohysterectomy has been performed and some of the uterus has been left behind and get pyometra
144
A referring DVM calls you because he has a breeding bitch with pyometra. you suggest?
prostaglandins and antibiotics
145
Why is a cluster of large follicles not a good indication of pregnancy?
Clusters of large follicles are often found on the ovaries during transitional oestrus, but there is no ovulation
146
You are doing a visit to a farm to investigate a recent outbreak of abortions. Walking around you saw the following scenario (see picture). What possible causes of abortion may be involved in the outbreak?
Listeriosis and mycotic
Brucellosis and thricomoniasis
IBR and lupins
Leptospira and BVDV
Listeriosis and mycotic
147
10) During the LH surge, high amounts of [a] is released from the [b] that stimulates the adenohypophysis.
```
A= estrogen GnRH
B = granulosa cells Surge ventre LH
```
148
12) What stimulates the LH surge that causes ovulation in spontaneous ovulators?
Estrogen
149
11) The most common dropsical condition in the cow is?
Hydroallantois
150
13) Pregnancy diagnosis via transabdominal ultrasound in the bitch is commonly performed on day ___ post LH peak and the earliest radiographs for puppy count may be taken is ___ days post LH peak.
21 or 31. Or 30
45
151
14) A nearby farm (within 5 km) called the hospital because they have a mare having trouble foaling. At the moment the mare is bright alert and responsive and able to walk. They do not know when she started foaling and her choriallantois broke about 10 min ago. All they can see is one limb coming out from the vulva and want someone to go and check the mare in the farm. Which of the following recommendations may result in the best outcome for both the mare and the foal?
GO STRAIGHT AWAY – YOU HAVE 30 MINUTES
152
22) A 310 d pregnant mare is presented with oedema in the ventral aspect of the abdomen. She is painful on palpation of the ventral abdomen and blood is collected when you try obtaining a milk sample from the udder. What would be the most likely condition affecting this mare?
Pre-pubic tendon rupture
153
27) Penile habronemiasis in a stallion is best treated with:
A. Ivermectin
B. Surgical exclusion
C. Nitrofurazone
D. Cisplatin
A. Ivermectin
154
30) What is characteristic of the first post-partum ovulation in the cow?
A. Accompanied by oestrus behaviour
B. Has a short luteal phase
C. Occurs after the third follicular wave
D. Occurs after uterine involution
B. Has a short luteal phase
155
31) Which of the following drugs to supress oestrus in the bitch has been shown to predispose to pyometra
A. Mibolerone
B. Medroxyprogesterone acetate
C. GnRH agonists
D. Megestrol acetate
B. Medroxyprogesterone acetate
156
32) In a dairy farm the milk production has increased, however days to first postpartum ovulation are greater than 115 days. Which of the following conditions is most likely to be responsible for this problem?
A. Negative energy balance
B. Increased milk production delays uterine involution
C. Milking cows may be eating excessive amounts of dry matter
D. Cows producing more milk show less signs of oestrus
A. Negative energy balance
157
34) Palpation of a cows reproductive tract per-rectum reveals she is missing a uterine horn. What is a likely cause of this abnormality?
A. Incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts
B. Segmental aplasia of the paramesonephric ducts
C. Segmental aplasia of the mesonephric ducts
D. She was as a co-twin to a male calf
B. Segmental aplasia of the paramesonephric ducts
158
38) Eclampsia in pregnant bitches may be prevented by:
A. Feed the bitch a balanced diet with Ca:P ratio of 2:1
B. Supplement calcium during late gestation
C. Administer cabergoline
D. Reduced bitch activity during pregnancy
A. Feed the bitch a balanced diet with Ca:P ratio of 2:1
159
40) is equine pregnancy dependent upon the CL until day 70 of gestation?
A. Yes
B. No
A. Yes
160
47) Pregnancy in the cow completely depends on CL progesterone until day?
A. 100
B. 50
C. 150
D. 200
200
161
84) Most common bacteria associate with equine placentitis
Strep. Equi and E.coli
162
132) What is NOT commonly assessed during a routine BBSE?
A. Accessory sex glands
B. Semen evaluation
C. Serving capacity
D. Physical examination
A. Accessory sex glands
163
153) A BBSE most accurately involves assessing:
A. serving capacity
B. Semen evaluation and motility
C. Serving capacity and semen evaluation
D. Physical examination and semen evaluation
E. Scrotal circumference and sperm morphology
D. Physical examination and semen evaluation
164
162) A healthy 6 year old intact dog is presented for semen freezing. Upon presentation a serosanguinous urethral discharge was observed and had hemospermia after semen collection. What is the most likely condition associated with this presentation?
A. Prostatitis
B. Balanoposthitis
C. Benign prostatic hyperplasia
D. Prostatic adenocarcinoma
C. Benign prostatic hyperplasia
165
164) Fibropapillomas are commonly observed in?
Older bulls breeding \> 50 cows
Bulls receiving regular semen collections
Dairy bulls
Young bulls housed together
Young bulls housed together
166
165) During BBSE of a 9 years old bull, clumps and neutrophils were observed on the semen. Palpation of the ampulla and the prostate was unremarkable and seminal vesicles were approximately 7 cm long. What condition is likely associated with this presentation?
Seminal vesiculitis
Plugged ampulla
Urethritis
Cystitis
Seminal vesiculitis
167
174) at 50 days of gestation, a bitch is presented with a Hct of 35%. What treatment should be implemented?
She should be induced to whelp
Replace fluids and administer vitamin B12
No worries, this may be normal due to increased plasma volume
Blood transfusion
No worries, this may be normal due to increased plasma volume
168
