Revision slides Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
temperature directly affects ( the rate of these processes increase with an increase in temperature
A
photosynthesis
respiration
transpiration
absorption
2
Q
low temperature results in x GROWTH
A
Poor
3
Q
high temperature causes increased respiration sometimes above the rate of photosynthesis
A
for growth photosynthesis must be greater than respiration
4
Q
what plants stop producing vegetative growth and Strat producing flowers and seeds in high temperatures
A
bolt
5
Q
no light- no chlorophyll
A
etiolation very long straggly
6
Q
low intensity light red wavelenghts
A
long spindly growth
7
Q
high intensity light (UV wavelengths)
A
plant dwarfing
8
Q
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)
A
400-700NM
9
Q
Phytochromes
A
photoperiodism
10
Q
if plants become too dense what stops?
A
Photosynthesis
11
Q
<15% O2 reproduction is
<2.5% O2 reproduction
<0% anaerobic respiration takes
A
reduced
stops
place
12
Q
anaerobic conditions in flooded soil can lead to
A
ethanol toxicity
13
Q
under drought conditions plants close their
A
stomata
14
Q
central atom of chlorophyll
A
magnesium
15
Q
Macro nutrients
A
N P K Mg S Ca
16
Q
monocots
A
1 leaf
17
Q
dicots
A
2 leaf
18
Q
function of roots
A
- water uptake
- aching
- binding the soil
- nutrient uptake
19
Q
inhibition
A
seeds absorb moisture and swell until the seed coat bursts
20
Q
annual weeds
A
1.fat hen
annual nettle
charlock
red dead nettle
red shank
6. cleavers
21
Q
biennal weeds
A
ragwort (pigs, horses, goats, deer, chicken )
wild carrot
22
Q
Perennial
A
docks
bracken
couchgrass
bishop weed
23
Q
ephemeral
A
hairy bittercress
groundsel
24
Q
Fungal disease
A
ash dieback
25
bacterial disease cherry laurel (X%)
shot hole disease 30 %
26
viral disease
Potato virus (5 types)
27
leaf modifications
1.poison
2.spine
3.reduced leaf
4.leaf tendril
5.succulence
6.storage lead (bulb )
7. carnivory
8. petal
9. sepal
28
stem modifications
1.thorns
2. succulent stems
3. corm gladiolus
4. stem tendril
5. stem tubber potatoe
6. stolon
29
root modifications
storage root
root tuber
prop root
aerial root
epiphyte
pneumatophore
30
sexual reproduction
produces offspring by the fusion of egg and sperm resulting in genetically different parents and each other
31
asexual reproduction
vegetative reproduction produces offspring without the fusion of an egg and sperm. offspring genetical identical
32
sexual reproduction =
seeds
33
asexual reproduction
fragmentation
tubers
bulbs
cuttings
grafting
stolons, runners
potatoes
onions daffodils
stem, leaf , root
fruit trees
34
certified seed
seed that is handled as so to satisforily maintain GENETIC IDENTITY and PURITY and that has been approved and certified by the certifying agency
35
Plant breading goals
1. yield
2. quality traits
3. havestilitby
4. persistance
36
Growth scale
Zadoks decimal
37
Climate change
long term shifts in temperature and weather patterns since the 1800s human activities have been the main driver. (burning fossil fuels which produced heat trapping GHG)
38
GHG
Carbon dioxide
methane 4
nitrous oxide
fluorinated gases
39
climate action plan aims to reduced GHG by X%
51% 2030
40
>X% of farming GHG emissions directly linked to animals and the manture they create
80%
41
X of emissions is blamed on fertilisers
1/8
42
climate action plan requires agriculture to reduced GHG by X%
25%
43
farmers are rewarded for what they produce rather than how they produce it
10th consecutive year no. dairy cows rose
44
largest single stem tree volume and mass
giant sequoia
45
tallest tree in the world
coastal redwood 116m
46
oldest living tree
Great Basin Bristlecone Pine (Pinus longaeva)
>5,000 years old
47
if moisture is a limiting factor
fertiliser is not used efficiently
herbicides are not taken up efficiently
48
stages of germinating seeds
1. imbibition
radicle pushes through the seed coat
primary root begins to develop
primary leaves begin to unfold
true leave completely emerge and the cotyledons eventually fall off
49
atmospheric Factors affecting water absorption in plants
temperature
relative humidify
vapur pressure deficit (VPD)
Wind speed
50
Biological factors affecting water absorption in plants
plant species
root length
root sytem
plant health
growth rate
51
Plant oomycete disease
water molds”, are a group of several hundred organisms that include some of the most devastating plant pathogens. The diseases they cause include seedling blights, damping-off, root rots, foliar blights and downy mildews.
52
Fluorinated gases how much larger effect than CO2
23,000 greater
53
agri is responsible for XX% of national NH3 emissions
99%
54
flowering plants
angiosperms (vascular)
55
conifers
gymnosperms (vasculare )
56
ferns and fern allies ( pteridophytes) ( vascular)
pteridophytes) ( vascular)
disperse spores
57
mosses and liverworts
bryophytes ( non vascular)
58
Poaceae
grass family 798
most important family to humans
rice, maize, wheat, barley
weeds
meadow grass
wild oats
couch, scutch
59
Asteraceae
Daisy family
1911 generas
no agri importance but weeds are important
ragwort,
knapweed
coltsfoot
creeping thistle
dandelion
60
Solanaceae crops
nightshade family
115 plant genera
many members poisonous
weeds
black nightshade
61
Apiaceae
celery/parsley/ carrots
418 plant genera
weeds
wild carrot
hogweed
ground elder, bishopweed
62
Rosaceae
Cultivated fruits- apples, pears, peaches ornamental plants for gardens
104 plant genera
WEEDS
Silverweed
creeping cinquefoil
meadowsweet
brambles
62
Rosaceae
Cultivated fruits- apples, pears, peaches ornamental plants for gardens
104 plant genera
WEEDS
Silverweed
creeping cinquefoil
meadowsweet
brambles
63
Fabaceae
legume family pea/bean fam
946
importance for fixing nitrogen gas from the air
irregular flower with 5 petals
WEED
hairy vetch
gorse
64
Amaranthaceae
goosefoot family
178 plant genera
tiny greenish flowers
have sepals but NO petals
flowers densely clustered on spikes
Crops
quinoa
spinach
sugar and fodder beets
WEED
Fat hen/ goosefoot
65
Brassicaceae
cabbage family
372 plant genera
4 petals in a cross
Crops
oilseed rape
leafy forage crop
Weeds
charlock (annual )
shepherds purse (annual)
66
7 classifications
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
king Philip comes over for good spaghetti
67
leaf blade
grows from the base of the blade
68
sheath
lower part of the leaf that hugs the stem
69
nodes
elbows along the culm add strength
allow change in direction of growth
70
male parts
stamens
----- anther
------filament
71
female parts
stigma
-----style
----- ovary
72
Rhixomatous
A rhizome (also known as a creeping rootstalk or rootstock) is a type of plant stem that grows horizontally underground or across the soil surface. Its main purpose is to store carbohydrates and proteins so the rhizomatous plant can survive between growing seasons.
73
Stoloniferous
A horizontal stem that is located above the ground and usually produces adventitious roots and vertical stems at the nodes. Stoloniferous refers to a plant that bears stolons.
74
Cespitose/tufted
forming mats; growing in dense tufts.
75
cultural methods of weed control
crop rotation
alternating winter and spring crops
burying your problem
chemical
76
when to spray weeds
young
healthy
growing actively
77
Von Liebig's law of minimum
plant growth is limited by the scarcest resource
78
global N fertilser use
100 million tonnes
79
N deposition
via precipitation
80
nitrification
oxidation of ammonium to nitrite and then nitrate
81
Denitrification
closes the loop in the N cycle
Redox reaction- oxidation- nitrate is electron acceptor
incomplete denitrification N20 potent GHG
82
Where do the greatest losses from applied N occur
well drained soils
83
how do bacteria gain their food
make their own
scanvengers
host pathogens
84
Pseudomonas syringe
type of bacteria that can infect a wide range of species
it exits as over 50 different path ovars
85
possible lifecycle of bacteria
bacteria overwinters in dead plant material but doesn't survive long in water or soil
rain splash speeds bacteria from infected leaves and debris
bacteria uses natural opening or injury to infect
entering the stomatal cell
diseases symptoms as bacteria colonise
86
virus do they have all the characteristics of life
no
87
Virus
sub microscopic entity consisting of single nucleic acid (RNA,DNA) surrounded by a protein coat
only capable of replication within the living cells of plants animals and bacteria
reproduce using the host machinery
88
internal factors of plant regulation of growth
Photosynthesis
Photoperiod
transpiration
respiration
89
limiting factors of growth for a plant
light
CO2
O2
Temperature
Water
Minerals
90
What do plants that respond to daylight contain
Phytochrome C
90
What do plants that respond to daylight contain
Phytochrome C
91
O2 is required for
aerobic respiration, cell repair, reproduction, growth
92
plant enzymes operate best at
25 Degrees
too low membranes not fluid affecting transporters
too high membranes disintegrate and plant dies
93
Epidermis
outermost layer of cells like the skin of the root
94
cortex (ground tissue)
tissue inside the epidermis that stores starch and other substances made out of parenchyma tissue
95
vasculare tissues
Vascular tissue is comprised of the xylem and the phloem, the main transport systems of plants. They typically occur together in vascular bundles in all plant organs, traversing roots, stems, and leaves. Xylem is responsible for the transport of water and dissolved ions from the roots upwards through the plant.
96
Cortex
storage and defense
97
endodermis
selective mineral uptake
98
pericycle
lateral root formation
99
casparian strip
band around the endodermis
100
external root anatomy
1. root cap
2. region of cell division
3. region of elongation
4. region of differentiation or maturation
101
ground meristem
the basic primary tissue of the growing tip of a stem/root excluding the epidermis and vascular bundles which gives rise to the cortex, rays and piths.
102
apical meristem
found at the top of the root where new cells develop. it is covered by the root cap which protects it from damage passing through the coarse soil particles.
103
Protoderm-
ground meristem-
procambium
forms the epidermis
forms the ground tissue/cortex
forms the primary phloem and xylem ( vascular bundle)
104
Root cap
thimble shaped mass of parenchyma cells at the tip of each root
secrets mucigel ( provides and environment for bacteria and fungi which live in the rhizosphere)
105
Meristem
pool of cell capable of dividing stem cells
106
Stomata
dermal tissue complex from guard subsidiary cells that form openings
function gas exchange and water loss
107
plasmodesmata
thin strings of cytoplasm that pass through between plant cells that allow for intercellular cell communication
108
Fruiting bodies
modified hyphen that make asexual (mitotic) spores
Basida
sporangia
ascus
