Revision Topic Sheet 1: Origins of the First Crusade

Question 1

What are the two fundamental viewpoints of a crusade?

Answer 1

Geographical and pluralist.

Question 2

Which historian argued that crusades could only be defined as military expeditions to preserve the Christendom?

Answer 2

Hans Mayer.

Question 3

What three criteria for a military crusade were defined by historians Carl Erdmann and Johnathan Riley? What do they refer to?

Answer 3

1. Just Cause - only defensive wars or to recover rightful possessions - ideas of St. Augustine.
2. Legitimate Authority - only the Pope had the authority to call a crusade - idea of Pope Urban II.
3. Right Intention - participants having pure motives and using only limited force.

Question 4

What was the importance of the Crusader vow?

Answer 4

Raised the status of the crusade from a military expedition to a pilgrimage - giving crusaders privileges and benefits such as the protection of their property and family while they were on crusade.

Question 5

What were indulgences for sins?

Answer 5

The ability to fight and kill on crusade without being judged for it by God as it was done for a righteous cause.