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Revolution Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

It is the period of enlightenment when the development field in mathematics, science, physics, astronomy, biology and chem transformed the views about nature

A

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

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2
Q

It is the tim period when advancement of Science and tech changed people’s perception and belief

A

Intellectual Revolution

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3
Q

define Copernican Revolution

A

named after the great
mathematician and astronomer
Nicholas Copernicus.

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4
Q

It is the shift in the field of astronomy from Geocentrism to Heliocentrism

A

Copernican Revolution

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4
Q

What are the Two major concepts in understanding
the universe?

A
  1. Geocentrism
  2. Heliocentrism
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5
Q

It came from the greek word geo- meaning earth and kentrikos, “ pertaining to the center”

A

Geocentrism

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6
Q

He proposed Geocentrism at around
150 BCE

A

Cladius Ptolemy

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7
Q

Referred as “Ptolemaic Model of
Universe”

A

Geocentrism

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8
Q

Where did Cladius Ptolemy lived?

A

Lived in city of Alexandria, Roman province of Egypt under the rule of Roman Empire.

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9
Q

Ketron means?

A

Center

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10
Q

What is the Greek word for the sun?

A

Helios

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11
Q

He initially introduced Heliocentrism around 310 BCE to 230 BCE

A

Aristarchus of Samos

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12
Q

An Ancient Greek Mathematician
and Philosopher of Ionia

A

Aristarchus of Samos

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13
Q

Aristarchus of Samos came up the revolutionary hypothesis which is the view of?

A

Heliocentric view

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14
Q

Nicole D’ Oresme is also known as?

A

also known as Nicolas Oresme, Nicholas Oresme, or Nicolas d’Oresme

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15
Q

a French Philosopher of the later Middle Ages

he reviewed the work of Aristarchus

A

Nicole D’ Oresme

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16
Q

what is the title Nicole D’ Oresme’s book around 1370?

A

“The Book of Heaven and Earth”

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17
Q

who is the Polish astronomer reviewed the
concepts of Aristarchus and Nicole d’ Oresme

A

Nicolas Copernicus

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18
Q

What is the title of Nicolas Copernicus book where he introduced Heliocentric view in 16th century?

A

“De Revolutionubus Orbium
Colestium”

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19
Q

Who is the Danish Nobleman, Astronomer and Writer

A

Tycho Brahe

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20
Q

Tycho Brahe is known for his?

A

accurate and comprehensive
astronomical observations

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21
Q

Took some concepts from Geocentric View and Heliocentric View and fused these two concepts and proposed the Geoheliocentric
View

A

Tycho Brahe

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22
Q

who wrote a book “Astronomia Nova” or the New Astronomy

A

Johannes Kepler

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23
Q

Who is Johannes Kepler?

A

A German Astronomer, Mathematician and
Astrologer

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24
Q

“Faith, Empirical data, and Elegant math, all
sync”

Who said this?

A

Johannes Kepler

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25
Q

He is Italian Astronomer, Physicist and Engineer, sometimes described as a Polymath from Pisa?

A

Galileo Galilei

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26
Q

He has provided more evidences supporting the Heliocentric View of the universe

A

Galileo Galilei

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27
Q

Contribution of the Copernican Revolution in the fields of science and philosophy

Nicolaus Copernicus’ 1500s
theory:

A

Heliocentrism laid
the groundwork for future
scientists like Galileo to
refine our understanding of
heavenly bodies.

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28
Q

Who’s Calculations also influenced the Gregorian calendar?

A

Copernicus

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29
Q

The Copernican Revolution heavily contributed to Philosophy and philosopher’s way of thinking like of whom?

A

Giordano Bruno

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30
Q

Why is being open to new ideas needed for development?

A
  1. IT BRINGS NEW IDEAS TO THE TABLE
  2. GENERATES A MORE CREATIVE THINKING AND PROBLEM SOLVING
  3. HELPS US BEOME ADAPTABLE TO ANY SITUATION GIVEN IN A
    COMMUNITY OR SOCIETY AS A WHOLE
  4. OPEN TO NEW IDEAS HELPS PERSONAL GROWTH AND UNDERSTANDING THE
    WORLD BETTER
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31
Q

CONCLUSION 1

A

THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION GIVES US AN IMPORTANT FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING THE UNIVERSE.

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32
Q

CONCLUSION 2

A

WE DO NOT OCCUPY A SPECIAL OR PRIVILEGED PLACE IN THE
UNIVERSE. THE UNIVERSE AND EVERYTHING IN IT CAN BE UNDERSTOOD AND PREDICTED USING A SET OF BASIC PHYSICAL LAWS(“RULES”).

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33
Q

CONCLUSION 3

A

THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE OBEYS THE SAME PHYSICAL LAWS
EVERYWHERE (AND AT ALL TIMES). WE ALSO CONCLUDED THAT PLANET EARTH IS ORBITING AROUND THE SUN RATHER THAN THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE.

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34
Q

Who is Father of Psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Freud

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35
Q

he Graduated in 1881 in the University of Vienna

A

Sigmund Freud

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36
Q

Revolutionized the concept of the human mind and the creation of Psychoanalytic method

A

Sigmund Freud

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37
Q

Where did Sigmund Freud lived?

A

Freiberg in Moravia/ Czech
Republic

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38
Q

What are the 3 Notable works by Sigmund Freud?

A
  1. The ego and ID (1924
    2.Three essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1903)
  2. The Interpretation of Dreams
    (1900)
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39
Q

An awareness of all of our
current conscious thoughts,
memories, feelings, and desires
are stored in the conscious
mind.

A

Conscious

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40
Q

The storage point for any recent memories needed for great recall.

A

Sub-concious

41
Q

Unconcious

A

where all of our memories
and past experience
reside.

42
Q

What are the 3 Structure of the
Human Psyche?

A
  1. ID
  2. Ego
  3. Superego
43
Q

The impulsive part of our
psyche which seeks pleasure
without thinking of reality and
Relies on the Pleasure principle

A

ID

44
Q

The Ego is?

A

-Responsible for controlling
both ID and Superego
-Operates on the reality
principle

45
Q

Holds our morals and ideals we
got from our parents and society
Relies on our conscience and
guilt

A

Superego

46
Q

What are the 5 Psychosexual Development?

A
  1. Oral Stage
  2. Anal Stage
  3. Phallic Stage
  4. Latent Stage
  5. Genital Stage
47
Q

Involves pleasure-seeking behaviors through the use of
their mouth

A

Oral Stage

48
Q

Anal Stage

A

Focuses on bladder and bowel control, resulting in self control and autonomy.

49
Q

This is where the Oedipus/Electra complex starts to appear. The child’s erogenous zone is the genital region

A

Phallic Stage

50
Q

Latent Stage

A

When the Sexual Energy was channeled into industrious asexual activities like learning, hobbies and social relationships

51
Q

Genital Stage

A

Involves satisfying sexual and
aggressive impulses through close relationships, physical activities and exercise

52
Q

what is the Oedipus Complex

A
  1. also called as “Oedipal complex
  2. proposed by Freud in 1899, formally used by 1910
  3. refers to the male child attraction to their parent of opposite sex and then jealousy to parent of same sex
53
Q

Electra Complex

A
  1. Opposite of Oedipus complex
  2. Introduced by Carl Jung in 1913
  3. States that girls may experience attraction towards their fathers and a sense of rivalry towards their mothers
54
Q

-behaviors that people use to
separate themselves from
unpleasant events, actions, or thoughts

A

Defense Mechanisms

55
Q

What are the 5 Defense Mechanisms?

A
  1. Denial
  2. Regression
  3. Disassociation
  4. Rationalization
  5. Sublimation
56
Q

what happens in Sublimation?

A

Redirects strong feelings or emotion in a way that is acceptable to society

57
Q

This is done by trying to justify on why they did a particular action and try to make it seem logical

A

Rationalization

58
Q

define Disassociation

A

This happens when a person is in a stressful environment and his thoughts and memories become disconnected

59
Q

When a person is in a stressful
situation they may regress to a
childish state to escape the
situation or release stress

A

Regression

60
Q

What do people do when they are in denial?

A

When someone is in denial, they
tend to ignore facts and reality it is an attempt to avoid uncomfortable situations

61
Q

What are the 5 types of Dream Analysis?

A
  1. “Royal Road to Unconsciousness”
  2. Wishful Thinking
  3. Latent and Manifest Content
  4. Symbolism in Dreamwork
  5. Aggressive and Sexual Content
62
Q

Dreams served as a portal to the unconscious mind,
which is where
repressed impulses, thoughts, and emotions were kept.

A

“Royal Road to
Unconsciousness”

63
Q

Wishful Thinking

A

One of Freud’s core beliefs was that dreams can be used to fulfill wishes

64
Q

the visible content
defined by Freud as
the actual subject
matter of dreams.

A

Latent and Manifest Content

65
Q

Symbolism in dreamwork

A

Freud suggested dreams are a result of “DreamWork,” a
process where the unconscious mind transforms latent content into a more accessible form.

66
Q

Freud held that a number of dream images and activities had sexual or hostile connotations.

A

Aggressive and Sexual Content

67
Q

Notable ideas were existent even before the Intellectual Revolution
Pre-revolution notions greatly affected human perspective and ultimately shaped early societies
The precursors include:

A
  1. All-Wise Creator - relies on the concept of “Wherever there is design, there is a designer.
  2. Judeo-Christian Creationism - a belief that Earth was created by a God in six days and man on the seventh day.
  3. The Great Chain of Being - metaphysical view of the universe where all beings from the most basic up to the very highest are hierarchically linked to form one interconnected whole.
  4. Geocentrism - The belief that the Earth was the center of the universe, which was challenged by Copernicus and Galileo
68
Q

Intellectual Revolution
Challenged the early notions with groundbreaking ideas.
Pivotal moments when society reevaluates its fundamental beliefs.
Prominent revolutions include:

A
  1. Copernican Revolution: The shift from a geocentric to a heliocentric view of the cosmos.
  2. Galilean Revolution: The embrace of empirical observation and experimental science.
  3. Newtonian Revolution: The formulation of laws of motion and universal gravitation.
  4. Darwinian Revolution: The significant change of perspective about life’s origin in the context of evolution
69
Q

Who are the 7 Key figures in Darwinian Revolution?

A
  1. Charles Darwin
  2. Alfred Russel Wallace
  3. Thomas Henry Huxley
  4. Asa Gray
  5. Joseph Dalton Hooker
  6. John Gould
  7. Charles Lyell
70
Q

The central figure in the Darwinian revolution

A

Charles Darwin

71
Q

He is best known for his groundbreaking work “On the Origin of Species,” published in 1859.

A

Charles Darwin

72
Q

this Key Figure meticulous observations, experiments, and writings laid the foundation for the revolution

A

Charles Darwin

73
Q

who is Alfred Russel Wallace?

A

-A British naturalist who independently arrived at the theory of evolution by natural selection around the same time as Darwin.
-Wallace’s contributions provided additional support for the theory.
-In 1858, he sent Darwin a manuscript outlining his ideas, which prompted Darwin to publish his own work.

74
Q

Referred to as “Darwin’s Bulldog,” was a biologist and strong advocate of Darwin’s theory

A

Thomas Henry Huxley

75
Q

Who is Thomas Henry Huxley?

A

-He defended and promoted the theory of evolution through his writings and debates.
-An outspoken defender of Darwin and a popularizer of Darwinian theory.

76
Q

American botanist who played a crucial role in spreading Darwin’s ideas in the United States.
-He corresponded with Darwin and wrote essays that helped bridge the gap between evolution and religion, making it more acceptable to many Americans.

A

Asa Gray

77
Q

Joseph Dalton Hooker

A

-A British botanist and close friend of Charles Darwin
-He provided valuable support for Darwin’s ideas, particularly in the field of botany, by helping to gather and compile evidence for natural selection.

78
Q

who is John Gould?

A

-An ornithologist who collaborated with Darwin.
-Gould’s work on the Galápagos finches and other bird species contributed to -Darwin’s understanding of adaptive radiation and the diversity of species.

79
Q

Who is Charles Lyell?

A

-A geologist whose work on uniformitarianism and the concept of geological time greatly influenced Darwin.
-Darwin’s ideas about gradual, long-term changes in species were influenced by Lyell’s geological principles.

80
Q

The Darwinian Revolution marked a profound shift in our understanding of life on Earth.

Challenged traditional beliefs about the origin of species, suggesting a naturalistic explanation.

The prevailing idea of creation rooted in religious and philosophical views were heavily questioned.

A

The Darwinian Revolution

81
Q

Charles Darwin’s revolutionary idea was to propose a naturalistic mechanism for how species change over time without invoking supernatural explanations. This shift in perspective marked a watershed moment in the history of science and thought.

A

The Darwinian Revolution

82
Q

What are the 3 Central Concepts of Darwinian Revolution?

A
  1. Common Descent
  2. Natural Selection
  3. Adaptation
83
Q

Greatly based on his book “On the Origin of Species”

A

-Describe how organisms evolve over generations through inheritance of adaptive traits that are better suited for the environment.
-Later developed into Theory of evolution

84
Q

Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution is a foundational concept in biology that explains how species change over time.
Species that have high traits to adapt are more likely able to survive in their environment and produce more offspring than those with less traits.

Four key points of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution:

A
  1. Variation
  2. Inheritance
  3. Selection
  4. Survival of the Fittest

PS. Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution was heavily influenced by the observations he made during his voyages.

85
Q
  1. VARIATION
A

A. Individuals of a species are not identical
B. In all species, individuals differ in their genetic makeup, producing many variations in their physical features.

86
Q
  1. INHERITANCE
A

A. Traits are passed from generation to generation
B. Inherited traits that improve the odds of survival are more likely to be passed on to subsequent generations.

87
Q
  1. SELECTION
A

A. Most species produce more offspring each year than the environment can support.
B. This high birth rate results in competition among the members of the species for the limited natural resources available.
C. Only the surviving individuals breed and pass on their genes to the next generation.

88
Q
  1. SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
A

A. Over time, selection results in changes in species.
B. Some individuals survive the struggle for resources.
C. These individuals reproduce, adding their genes to the succeeding generations.
D. Conditions in the environment result in the survival of individuals with specific traits which are passed through heredity to the next generation

89
Q

Natural Observations/ Facts

  1. Enormous fertility/ species multiplication in geometric progression
  2. Number of Survivors of offspring remain constant
A

CONCLUSION:
Due to struggle for existence

90
Q

CONCLUSION:
Survival of the fittest; natural selection

A

Natural Observations/ Facts

  1. Struggle for existence
  2. Variation/ heredity of characteristics and genes
91
Q

Natural Observations/ Facts

  1. Survival of the fittest; natural selection
  2. Progressive environmental changes (changes in the surroundings)
A

CONCLUSION:
Origin of New Species

92
Q

The 9 Limitations of Darwin’s Theory?

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Biochemistry
  3. Paleontology
  4. Taxonomy
  5. Humans show many behavioral and cognitive traits and abilities that offer no apparent survival advantage (e.g. music, art, religion, ability to ponder the nature of the universe).
  6. Darwinism described small fluctuating variations yet did not include the sudden variations (mutation) when explaining evolution
  7. Did not explain and cover the use and disuse of vestigial organs in species and their evolutionary line
  8. Covered the concept of survival of the fittest but did not cover the concept of arrival of the fittest (invasive species as a factor)
  9. Did not explain the evolution of terrestrial species coming from aquatic species
93
Q

Random mutations cause harm to organisms and do not build complexity.

A

Genetics

94
Q

Random and undirected processes do not seem capable of producing cellular complexity.

A

Biochemistry

95
Q

The fossil record shows abrupt appearance and generally lacks intermediate fossils.

A

Paleontology

96
Q

Despite DNA discoveries, biologists are failing to reconstruct Darwin’s ‘tree of life’.

A

Taxonomy

97
Q

the 5 Advantages of Darwinism

A
  1. Explanation of Biodiversity provides a comprehensive and naturalistic explanation for the incredible diversity of life on Earth.
  2. It informs everyone that all animals and beings have the ability to evolve.
  3. Stepping stone toward knowing that our ancestors were apes. (If Darwin’s theory had not been discovered, we would never have known that our ancestors were apes).
  4. The teaching on the power of natural selection and mutations prove as beneficial to the society by allowing a species to adapt environmental changes.
  5. Darwinism has predictive power that enables us to make predictions about the natural world.
98
Q

The 4 Disadvantages of Darwinism

A
  1. The Darwinian Revolution promoted “typological thinking,” which views evolution as a linear development rather than the intricate web of interrelationships that it actually is.
  2. Divided people in terms of their belief who belong to the same religion.
  3. Sparked a debate over creation vs. evolution that placed science and religion against one another.
  4. The way of writing the Darwinian revolution was comprised of discriminatory beliefs and practices.
99
Q

Contributions to Science, Technology, and Society

A
  1. The Darwinian Revolution has had profound and far-reaching contributions to various aspects of Science, Technology, and Society (STS)
  2. Advancements in Biological Sciences:
    It provided a unifying framework that allowed scientists to study and understand the diversity of life on Earth. This foundation has led to numerous breakthroughs in genetics, ecology, and evolutionary biology.
  3. Medicine and Disease Understanding:
    The study of evolution helps us understand the evolution of diseases, such as the development of antibiotic resistance in pathogens. Additionally, it informs the study of human genetics and susceptibility to diseases.
100
Q

Contributions to Science, Technology, and Society (part 2)

A
  1. Environmental Science and Conservation:
    Provide a framework for understanding how species adapt to their environments and how ecosystems evolve over time. Conservation efforts often take into account the principles of evolution to protect biodiversity and fragile ecosystems.
  2. Ethics and Philosophy:
    Raised profound ethical and philosophical questions about our place in the natural world. It challenged traditional religious views of creation and led to discussions about the relationship between science and religion.
  3. Technological Applications:
    In technology, the understanding of evolution has applications in fields like artificial intelligence, where evolutionary algorithms are used to optimize solutions.

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