Revolutions : 1750 - 1900 Flashcards

Question

Effects of the Spread of Industrialization : Africa

Answer 1

○ Africa still remained provider of natural resources to world's industrial giants - Europe's govn. and businesses kept its African colonies dependent on them - Greatest export from Africa were diamonds and gold from South Africa

Answer 2

○ China rejected Western ideas, remained largely out of production end of industrialization. While there were foreign investment for railroads and steamships, China stuck with human labor

Answer 3

○ Steel was stronger, lighter, and more flexible. Steel became THE metal of the Industrial Age ○ Coal was the initial fuel for early steam engines, but later petroleum was increasingly used esp after development of diesel and later, gasoline, engine

Answer 4

○ Second Industrial Revolution ran on internal combustion ( gasoline or diesel ) systeem. More electrical systems, scientific discoveries, and medicine were invented ○ Telegraph. A talegraph cable was extended under the Atlantic, linking the British Isles to Canada and the U.S - Telephone later invented, it was better than the telegraph because it required no special training - radio being developed near END of 20th century ○ Transportation - Trolley and the subway, which were new mass-transit systems - Automobile invented in Germany near END of 20th century - Improved transportation led to massive migrations

Answer 5

○ Meiji Japan ○ Russia ○ Egypt

Answer 6

○ American government sent navy ships to force trade with Japan, who responded by transforming its gov, society, and industry ○ Japan started building railroads, modernizing military, and constructing factories that specialized in silk textiles ○ One significant difference between Japan and Western industrialization is that Japanese gov had close ties to factory corporations. The gov built factories and sold them to investors

Answer 7

○ Russia's industrial progress was limited, because their primary focus was on supporting the elite owners of large agricultural estates and were slow to shift to industrialization ○ Later in this era, the Russian gov sought foreign investment in its industrial program and became a top producer of steel. Peasant laborers still grew mostly wheat and potatoes for the large estates to export though

Answer 8

○ Egypt attempted to jump-start the Industrial Revolution by building railroads, dams, and cotton factories ○ Also let French build the Suez Canal connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea

Answer 9

○ End their mercantilist policies, engage in free trade, and stay out of the way of the " natural " cycles of the economy of boom and bust. This is called " laissez-faire " capitalism ○ Transnational corporations grew in number - HSBC is a Britain based multinational banking corporation - Lloyd's of London wrote insurance policies around the world - U.S based United Fruit Corporation operated banana plantations throughout Central America ○ gov limited financial liability a corporation could face, these are called limited-liability corporations ○ exchange of goods and money grew so fast, industrialized nations established an international price of gold. the "gold standard" acted as a marker to determine the relative value of their money systems

Answer 10

Can be split into two parts western europe + the U.S beyond europe

Answer 11

○ Industrial Revolution led to more and larger cities with a steady income. The boom in urban popl came normal dissatisfactions along with poor and increasingly discontent working class that pressured gov policies to change ○ pressures in cities and factories - overcrowding - poor working conditions including hazardous machinery, long hours, and low pay just was not it - gov leaders slow to reform because they were either overwhelmed or didn't care ``` ○ Calls for change - Labor unions began to form - Middle class urged to use their vote for increasing pay, safer factory working conditions, and political rights of working-class men - not many men or women lobbied for voting rights for women ○ Karl Marx was pro-communist and for a classless society where all people were politically, socially, and economically equal ``` ○ Middle class didn't join lower class's protests, but they were able to convince gov leaders of stuff : - In London, cleaner drinking water - In Paris, public housing - Unemployment and social security benefits in new Germany

Answer 12

○ Ottoman Empire's attempts to westernize and compete w Western Europe in 19th century consisted of movement towards a constitutional gov - the Tanzimat Reforms - and the purchase of modern weapons from European manufacturers - Constitution guaranteed political and social rights, modernized banking system, railroad construction, and reorganization and modernization of army - Limited progress and were divided - A reform came from Western-educated young army officers who sought revival of the Tanzimat reforms ○ African continent remained provider of natural resources ○ Qing China rejected most things western. Western Europe, the U.S, Russia, and Japan took advantage of China's weak gov by forcing open exclusive trade regions in China. At the end of 20th century though, "Open Door Policy" where free trade of China

Answer 13

○ Wages rose so much that working outside of the home was considered a " man's job " ○ Middle class exploded in size and political power ○ Few children were needed for factory work so Western gov was concerned about unsupervised, idle children and passed laws requiring school attendance ○ Middle-class women were expected to marry and stay home to care for their families. As 20th century APPROACHED, women started becoming secretaries and telephone operators ○ Latin America had continuities in social structures and gener roles remained through this era, because of limited impact of Industrial Revolution

Answer 14

○ Artists shifted to realism, painting dark scenes of city life exemplified by locomotives belching black smoke - Invention of the camera made artists fear they would be put out of business - Impressionism was in direct contrast to photography's graphic realism, where there was unfocused scenes of nature ○ Writers responded to effects of Industrial Revolution - Charles Dickens wrote stories about life among struggling urban laboring classes in soot-covered London

Answer 15

○ Modern science of chem began, systematic studies of chemical compounds led to lab developed ones. Some were powerful fertilizers used to grow bigger crops ○ Smallpox and rabies vaccination, sterilization of surgical instruments, use of aspirin ○ Scientific developments and faith -> Social Darwinism after Charles Darwin studied animals for " survival of the fittest "

Answer 16

○ Patriarchy in society remained - women in industrialized nations began to see some political and economic gains ○ In sub-Saharan Africa and much of Asia, most people didn't know of Industrial Revolution ○ Christianity was predominant in Europe and the Americas ○ Islam primary faith in West Africa to Central Europe

Answer 17

○ Greater tech led to greater conquest of Africa ○ Nationalism - cause of imperialism, since rivalry between claiming land ○ Economics - Controlling world markets - Africa and Asia held vast amounts of raw materials that industrialized nations wanted, like cotton, rubber, and minerals - Europeans also saw them as good cloth and steel markets ○ " The white man's burden " - Generally believed they were doing their " little brown brothers " a favor by conquering them

Answer 18

○ Europeans ○ Imperialism in Asia and the Pacific ○ The U.S, Germany, and Japan build empires ○ Europeans created " white dominions " and " settler colonies "

Answer 19

○ Early 1800s British settlers moved to South Africa, causing strife with Dutch colonists and heighted tensions between the Dutch and native Africans ○ Dutch East India Company established colony at Cape Town, and settlers established farms in the region ○ Belgium began Scramble for Africa by grabbing the Belgian Congo, causing the scramble ○ France became major African colonial power, first in Algeria then across most of Northwest Africa ○ " Great Powers " of Europe met at Berlin Conference in 1855 to divide africa among themselves peacefully. Only peaceful places : - Liberia, where America sent their former slaves - Ethiopia, where Italy tried and failed to colonize in late 19th century ○ Popular European literature that included imperialist themes : included Tarzan, British boy raised by apes in African Jungle ○

Revolutions : 1750 - 1900 Flashcards

(43 cards)