second time period 1450 - 1750 Flashcards
(43 cards)
What is second era for World History ?
c. 1450 - 1750, when “ Columbus sailed the ocean blue “
which empires expanded during the era 1450 to 1750?
CROMS :
C - china
R - russia
O - ottoman empire
M - mughal empire
S - safavid empire
Russia’s prominent people during the second era :
○ Built largest empire of this era
○ Late 15th century - expulsion of Mongol rulers
○ Ivan the Terrible in 16th century
○ Peter the Great in early 18th century
○ Late 17th to late 18th century Peter the Great , then Catherine the Great
Russian events :
late 15th century - entry into world affairs began w Ivan the Great, who expelled the last of the Mongol rulers
16 century - Ivan the Terrible began conquest of Siberia that continued for 100 years
Early 18th century - Peter the Great fought the Ottoman, Safavid, and Swedish empires for territory
- Russian migrants flocked to these areas, greatly changing
the cultural make-up of them
- Russia maintained policy of religious toleration, except
for the poor jews :(
Late 17th through late 18th century : Peter the Great and later Catherine the Great pushed modernization program to bring their nation closer to level of Western European technology and culture. They moved the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg, the “ window on the West “
Safavid empire :
Early 16th century sought to expand borders by waging war
- Ottomans to the west - Mughals to the east
Although all three of bordering states were Muslim, rivalries between factions of Islam was significant cause of these wars
Different way of administration during 1400-1750 :
○ Administrative professionals to run the empire
○ religion, art, and architecture to paintain power
○ using taxes to maintain and build power
Examples of administrative professionals during 1450 to 1750 :
○ Muslim leaders didn’t require Christians and Jews to convert to Islam, but non-Muslim families had to send their sons as soliders
○ “ Blood tax “ of Ottoman empire, recruits could be promoted by showing loyalty and ability. It created a faction of soldiers and officials loyal to the Sultan
○ Japan’s Tokugawa Shogunate elevated many samurai to administrative positions in the govn. Many samurai became artists, scholars, and poets
Rel, art, and architecture to maintain power :
○ Aztec practiced human sacrifice to appease the gods and their king in power
○ European monarchs claimed “ divine right “
○ Songhai rulers in West Africa, ottomans, Mughals, and Safavids openly practiced and promoted Islam
○ Many monarchs around the globe commissioned portraits of themselves, portraying themselves as someone powerful
○ Inca build Temple of the Sun as monument for their religion and king’s power
○ Monarchs impressed rivals and supporters w large, expensive palaces like Versailles in France, Forbidden City in China, and Taj Mahal in South America
Taxes to maintain and build power :
○ taxes reduced economic power of those being taxed
○ “ tax farming “ used local tax collectors to extract money from individuals
- Safavids and ottomans practiced tax farming - In Mughal, local elites collected rent of farmers. Mughal required their part in exchange for this privilege
○ imported goods v taxed
○ inca leaders required farmers to bring their produce to central locations for redistribution
Christianity and Islam : Belief Systems
How did Christianity split and where?
Protestant reformation, in western and central europe
Christianity and Islam : Belief Systems
Christianity :
○ 16th century Central Europe had the Protestant Reformation
- Created major shake-up of Catholic authority, esp in Northern Europe - States like Britain and Sweden adopted Protestantism, and smaller ones within the Holy Roman Empire
○ Roman Catholic church responded w reforms of its own, and maintained dominance in Southern europe, most of Western Europe, and Poland
- In Spain esp, spreading the Catholic faith was major factor in sending voyages to the New World
Christianity and Islam : Belief Systems
Islam :
In Islam, an old division intensified :
- Ottoman and Safavid empires were Islamic political rivals, religious/political wars over Mesopotamian region - Ottomans were Sunni and Safavid were mostly Shi'a
In South Asia, a blended faith developed
○ Sikhism began in Mughal Empire in this era
○ Sikhism blending of Hindu and Muslim, through a process called syncretism
c. 1450 - 1750, what was something important oceanic that happened?
Transoceanic Interconnections, the Americas, Australia, and Pacific Islands joined Afro-Eurasia in networks of life
State of the world : technological innovations
○ China and India were very advanced compared to Europe at the beginning of this period
○ Advances in ship design and navigation reached Europe via trade routes from East Asia through the Islamic world of Eurasia
○ Changes benefited European ship builders, sailors, and scientists
Technological innovations for europe : context
Benefits to Europe from trade by end of 1200-1450 included not only spices and other commodities, but also technology
○ Compass, more accurate maps, astrolabe, and improved rudders and sails - all from Asia - contributed to Euro’s ability to make long-distance sailing expeditions
○ “ Scientific Revolution “ transformed European approaches to evidence-backed science. From the Muslim and Chinese, they got the telescope, microscope, barometer, and new forms of math such as calc
New European ships :
○ Inspired from Islamic designs, Portugueses shipbuilders introduced the caravel to explore africa’s Atlantic coast in the 15th century
○ Introduction of lateen sail around 1500 made ships more maneuverable. They could tack against the wind which extended their voyages into Indian ocean and Atlantic Ocean instead of just the Mediterranean Sea
Main countries that explored :
○ New Western European states sponsored transoceanic voyages
○ Portugal led the way to new lands, followed by Spain, England, France, and the Dutch
New western European states sponsoring transoceanic voyages :
○ At the beginning of 1450-1750, Western European Christians sought to spread Christianity to new areas, esp South and East Asia
○ Protestant Reformation caused renewed missionary vigor among Catholic monarchs in Western Europe, who didn’t want their faith to lose ground to new and rapidly growing religions
○ Trade was major motivator for European exploration
○ New kings in Spain, Portugal, France, and Britain wanted to display their power by funding explorations
○ Russia DID NOT explore Pacific because icy conditions made the route impossible. They were also expanding across Siberia. Eastern and Central Europe couldn’t because of either limited access or limited manpower
Portugal and Spain’s maritime explorations :
Portugal
○ Portugal went south into the Atlantic
- Portugal's proximity to Africa made it a logical target of early coastal exploration - Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator sent ships down the western coast of Africa to set up direct trade with South Asia - In 1498, flavor and spices were brought back from India by Tabasco da Gama
Portugal and Spain’s maritime explorations :
Spain
○ Spain went west into the Atlantic
- Spain just came back from centuries-long campaign, so they had a lot of patriotic energy - Columbus convinced Spanish royals to fund expedition for god, gold, and glory - Spanish really really wanted to go to India for spice
Effects of the Columbian Exchange on the world :
Transfer of animals, plants, diseases, and people that resulted from the contacts between Europeans and American Indians. This was a two-way exchange
Plants and animals from columbian exchange :
Effects on the Americas
○ From Afro-Eurasia to the Americas, europeans brought horses, pigs, chickens, crows, sugarcane, bananas, wheat, and rice
○ Introduction of horses, a new fast transport, to the New World changed the cultures of almost every Native american group
○
Plants and animals from columbian exchange :
Effects on Europe
○ Sugarcane plantations throughout the Caribbean world helped create rich Euro kingdoms, resulting in importation of slaves from Africa
○ Europeans returned with few animals that had a global impact, but they did bring back a bunch of useful plants. Examples include :
- potatoes
- tomatoes
- tobacco
- American corn ( maize )
- cocoa
- chilli and other peppersImplication of plants in Europe from the two-way columbian exchange :
○ Potato was king in Europe. It stored well on ships and grew in a wide variety of soils and climates
○ Maize became a staple in both Africa and China
○ Potatoes and maize created unprecedented popl. growth wherever they were planted. Repercussions would be felt for centuries w devastating impact to traditional societies, like China
