Reyes' article (2001) on Four Main Theories of Development Flashcards
(46 cards)
A social condition where a nation’s population’s NEEDS ARE MET SUSTAINABLY, respecting culture, and providing access to essential services like education, health, and employment.
DEVELOPMENT
Emerged post-World War II due to:
- Rise of the U.S. as a superpower.
- Spread of communism from the Soviet Union.
- End of colonial empires in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
Modernization theory
“Development occurs in stages”
Walt Whitman Rostow
KEY FEATURES/CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERNIZATION THEORY
Homogenizing Process
Irreversible Process
Progressive and Lengthy
Societies become more alike over time.
Homogenizing Process
Once a society starts modernizing, it cannot go back.
Irreversible Process
Modernization is desirable but takes generations.
Progressive and Lengthy
CRITIQUES OF MODERNIZATION THEORY
- Development isn’t one-directional (not only towards Western models).
- Traditional values aren’t always barriers to development.
- Different countries (like Taiwan and South Korea) developed differently than the Western model.
Developed in the 1950s from ECLAC’s research, notably by Raul Prebisch.
DEPENDENCY THEORY
DEPENDENCY THEORY
- Countries need to control their economies and focus on _________ _______
- Emphasizes the need for effective ________ roles and prioritizing national ________.
INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT ; GOVERNMENT ; CAPITAL
peripheral =
core =
developing ; developed
- Strong industrialization occurs when these ties are weak.
DEPENDENCY THEORY
CRITIQUES OF DEPENDENCY THEORY
- Lack of empirical evidence and reliance on abstract analysis.
- Dependency on transnational corporations can also facilitate technology transfer.
MODERNIZATION.
Modernization = views TRADITION as a ________;
Dependency = sees it as potentially ________.
Barrier; beneficial.
METHDOLOGY.
Modernization = uses high-level _______,
Dependency = uses concrete ______ ______.
abstraction ; case studies
DIRECTION OF DEVELOPMENT.
Modernization follows a ________ path;
Dependency allows for________ possibilities.
unidirectional ; multidirectional
CRITIQUES OF BOTH THEORIES.
MODERNIZATION & DEPENDENCY = focus on ______
WORLD-SYSTEMS & GLOBALIZATION = emphasizes on _________ _____-
NATION-STATE;
INTERNATIONAL CONNECTIONS
CURRENT PERSPECTIVES.
New Dependency Studies: Emerging theories consider internal and external relations in developing countries, allowing for some ________ ______.
government autonomy (prioritize the needs of the country without external interference.)
Developed in response to the CHANGING nature of CAPITALISM since the 1960s.
WORLD-SYSTEMS TEORY
WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY.
- EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES (Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore) experienced significant ECONOMIC GROWTH, CHALLENGING the idea of “_________ _______.”
MANUFACTURING IMPERIALSIM (powerful country extends its control over other countries or territories,)
WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY.
________ states faced crises (e.g., the Sino-Soviet split, Cultural Revolution failures).
Socialist (means of production (like factories, land, and resources) are owned, controlled, or regulated collectively by society rather than privatised)
WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY.
North American capitalism experienced crises (e.g., Vietnam War, Watergate, oil embargo) signaling a decline in _____ _________.
U.S. dominance
KEY FEATURES OF WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY
DGKey
Development Focus
Global Systems
Key Thinkers
KEY FEATURES OF WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY.
Recognizes global conditions that significantly IMPACT SMALLER NATIONS.
Development Focus
