RH Incompatibility

Question 1

Are genetically determined
proteins
found on the surface of red blood cells.

Answer 1

antigen

Question 2

blood is made up of?

Answer 2

rbc
wbc
platelet

Question 3

Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in a liquid called

Answer 3

plasma

Question 4

Your blood group is identified by

Answer 4

antibodies and antigens in the blood.

Question 5

substances recognized by the immune system.
• If foreign, they may trigger an immune response.
• Most are foreign proteins, but the body tolerates its own “self”

Answer 5

Antigens

Question 6

Are proteins found in plasma that serve as part of the body’s natural defenses.
• They act as “recognizers” that bind to foreign antigens.
• This binding can trigger an immune reaction

Answer 6

antibodies

Question 7

Is performed using antibodies.
cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination) and lyse.
• This helps determine compatibility
for blood transfusions.

Answer 7

bloodtyping

Question 8

elements of blood

Answer 8

plasma- 55%
rbc-41%
wbc-4%
Platelet- 0.01%

Question 9

Presence of both antigens A and
B is called

Answer 9

Type AB

Question 10

Presence of antigens A is called

Answer 10

type A

Question 11

Presence of antigens B is called

Answer 11

type B

Question 12

Lack of both antigens A and B is called

Answer 12

type O

Question 13

Type AB can receive

Answer 13

A,B,AB and O

Question 14

“universal
recipient”

Answer 14

type AB

Question 15

universal donor

Answer 15

type O

Question 16

One of the diseases which can cause jaundice.

Answer 16

ABO incompatibility

Question 17

happens when mother’s blood type is O, and her baby’s blood type is A or B.

• The mother’s immune system may react and make antibodies against her baby’s red blood cells.

Answer 17

ABO incompatibility

Question 18

ABO Blood group incompatibility

Answer 18

• Occurs when the mother is blood group O
• Natural anti-A and anti- B IgG can cross the placenta
• These are weak haemolysins
• There are few sites of attachment to RBCs
• Causes neonatal jaundice only
• Never an intrauterine problem

Question 19

is a type of protein on the outside or surface of your red blood cells.

Answer 19

Rh factor
Rhesus factor

Question 20

a condition where antibodies in a pregnant woman’s blood destroy her baby’s blood cells.

Answer 20

Rhesus disease or haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN).

Question 21

The process in which mother’s body will try to fight them off by producing antibodies against them.

Answer 21

sensitization (rh alloimmunization)

Question 23

POTENTIAL SENSITIZING
EVENTS FOR RHESUS DISEASE

Answer 23

• Miscarriage
• Termination of pregnancy
• Antepartum haemorrhage
• Invasive prenatal testing (amniocentesis, cordocentesis etc.)
• Delivery
• Ectopic pregnancy

Question 24

Rhesus (Rh) factor incompatibility during pregnancy is possible only when two specific circumstances coexist:

Answer 24

1.expectant mother is Rh (-)
2. Fetus is Rh (+)

Question 25

ABO incopatibility

Answer 25

• More common, less severe •Mother: group O, fetus: Group A or B •1st pregnancy can be affected (no sensitization) • Hepatosplenomegaly is less common r •UCB, Jaundice, HA, Kernicterus, Retic, Nucleated • Weakly positive direct coombs fetal RBC's • Spherocytes

Question 26

Rh incompatibility

Answer 26

• Less common, more severe • Mother can be of any blood group (Mother: Rh, fetus: Rh+ •1st pregnancy is safe (sensitization) •Hepatosplenomegaly is more common • UCB, Jaundice, HA, Kernicterus, Retic, Nucleated •Both direct and indirect coombs: strongly positive • No spherocytes

Question 27

MIXING OF BLOOD CAN ALSO OCCUR DURING:

Answer 27

• Tests like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS). • Any type of vaginal bleeding during pregnancy caused by for example, abruptio placenta. • Injury or trauma to your abdomen. • Early pregnancy complications like miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy. • After external cephalic version (ECV), a maneuver to turn a breech baby

Question 28

A prenatal test that involves taking a sample of tissue from the placenta to test for chromosomal abnormalities and certain other genetic problems.

Answer 28

Chorionic villus sampling

Question 29

A procedure used to take out a small sample of the amniotic fluid for testing

Answer 29

Amniocentesis

Question 30

intentional termination of a pregnancy due to medical reasons. This procedure is recommended when continuing the pregnancy poses a risk to the mother's physical or mental health, or when there are significant fetal abnormalities that would lead to the baby not surviving after birth or suffering from severe complications. This procedure can be done up to 8 weeks of pregnancy.

Answer 30

therapeutic abortion

Question 31

is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby through incisions made in the mother's abdomen and uterus. This method is often employed when a vaginal delivery would pose a risk to the mother or baby.

Answer 31

C-Section

Question 32

One of the accessory motor system, associated with motor function. This is located under the cerebral cortex.

Answer 32

Basal Ganglia

Question 33

MILDEST FORM- RH INCOMPATIBILITY:

Answer 33

Hemolysis Jaundice

Question 34

(Destruction of the red blood cells) with the release of free hemoglobin into the infant's circulation.

Answer 34

Hemolysis

Question 35

(Hemoglobin is converted into, bilirubin which causes an infant to become yellow.

Answer 35

Jaundice

Question 36

SEVERE-FORM- RH INCOMPATIBILITY

Answer 36

• Hydrops fetalis (Massive fetal red blood cell destruction).

Question 37

Hydrops fetalis

Answer 37

It causes Severe anemia →→Fetal heart failure →→ Death of the infant shortly after delivery.

Question 38

Sign and symptoms of hydrops fetalis

Answer 38

•Total body swelling. • Respiratory distress (if the infant has been delivered) • Circulatory collapse. ellowing • Kernicterus. (Neurological Excess bilirubin in blood synarome in extremely jaundiced infants)

Question 39

Congestive Heart Failure • It occurs several days after delivery and is characterized initially by

Answer 39

A) Loss of the Moro reflex. • B) Poor Feeding. • C) Decreased activity

Question 40

At the first prenatal visit, caregivers: Take history of previous:

Answer 40

• Sensitization • Abortions • Blood transfusions • Children who developed jaundice or anemia during the newborn period

Question 41

blood test performed during pregnancy to screen for certain genetic conditions in the fetus.

Answer 41

Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT)

Question 42

Two primary interventions can help the fetus whose blood cells are being destroyed by maternal antibodies:

Answer 42

1.early birth (severe) 2. intrauterine transfusion

Question 43

An ultrasound should be performed to assess gestational age, detect severe fetal complications, evaluate an increase in fetal heart size, and identify hydramnios.

Answer 43

between 14 and 16 weeks

Question 44

is conducted to assess fetal hematocrit.

Answer 44

percutaneous umbilical blood sampling

Question 45

If the fetus is severely sensitized, delivery may be necessary

Answer 45

between 32 and 34 weeks

Question 46

The Rh-negative mother who has no antibody titer (indirect Coombs'test negative, nonsensitized) and has given birth to an Rh-positive fetus (direct Coombs' test negative) is given an IM injection of Rh immune globulin (RhoGAM)

Answer 46

within 72 hours of childbirth

Question 47

Rh immune globulin administered at blank gestation if the woman is not sensitized

Answer 47

28 weeks