richards gov.

Question 1

Who did Richard place as chief justiciars

Answer 1

Hugh de Puiset, the bishop of Durham, and William Longchamp who had been his chancellor

Question 2

How did Richard show William Longchamp was the dominant partner

Answer 2

• he controlled the offices of central government: the exchequer and the king’s bench came under Longchamps control
  
  • Was given legatine authority to show his authority spread across the whole of England

Question 3

What else did Richard set up to assist in running the country in his absence

Answer 3

• Richard established a council to assisst in the running of England and named William Marshal, William Brewer, Geoffery FitzPeter and Hugh Bardulf as justiciars

Question 4

What did Richard do to most of the sherrifs and an example

Answer 4

Most sherrifs were replaced with those willing to pay the most

e.g. Gerald de Camville secured both the role of sheriff of Lincolnshire as well as constable of Lincoln Castle

Question 5

What was the Quitclaim of Canterbury

Answer 5

An agreement that nullified the Treaty of Falaise for 10,000 marks

Question 6

What do most Chroniclers assert about William Longchamp

Answer 6

William was enormously prideful and arrogant

Question 7

What showed Longchamps arrogance

Answer 7

replacing 13 sheriffs with his own men and creating a perception of himself as a self-interested and corrupt rules.

Question 8

What did William Longchamp do to Gerald de Camville

Answer 8

In spring 1191 Longchamp tries to force Gerard de Camville sheriff of Lincolnshire and castellan of Lincoln castle to give it up in favour of a supporter of Longchamp’s but he resists and appeals to John,

Gerad gave homage of his lands directly to John who then seized Tickhill and Nottingham castle from Longchamp

John gains control of London, forcing Longchamp to hide in the Tower.

Question 9

How did Richard prevent John causing trouble when he was away

Answer 9

• award his brother numerous estates of significant value such as Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire
• Also made Lord of Gloucester by Marriage to Isabella
• made John promise to stay out of England and also prevented him from holding any positions on the Council of Regency or having access to the justiciars. Eleanor persuades him to relent on this, against his better judgement

Question 10

How did Richard prevent a dynastic threat from his half brother Geoffrey

Answer 10

Geoffrey is made Archbishop of York and must take an oath of celibacy, risk of dynastic threat removed.

also made him take an oath to stay out of England

Question 11

Why did people see William Longchamp as a mere opportunist

Answer 11

He had paid £3000 for the role of justiciar

Question 12

How was Longchamp a capapble administrator in technical terms

Answer 12

• restoring order with the Jews
• adding concluding clause including date and place of issue to charters and writs.

Question 13

who did Richard have to dispatch to solve John and others openly challenging Longchamp in spring 1191

Answer 13

• Richard has to dispatch Walter de Coutances from Sicily to deal with the dispute
  
  • Brokered a peace settlement which was for Longchamp to leave alone Lincoln and for John to return Longchamp’s castles as long as Longchamp supported John’s claim to the throne should Richard die on crusade.

Question 14

What did Longchamp do in September 1191 that allowed him to be challenged again

Answer 14

In September Longchamp tries to arrest Geoffrey illegitimate son of Henry II and archbishop of York.

Reminds people of the Becket tragedy

Question 15

What is the consequence of Longchamp trying to arrest Geoffrey Archbishop of York

Answer 15

• He is placed on trial by the Council of Regency for abuse of Royal Power
  
  • doesn’t attend his trial, instead fleeing for France and being replaced by de Coutances.

Question 16

How did Walter of Coutances differ from Longchamp’s arrogance

Answer 16

He was more circumspect than Longchamp had been and more careful to act in Richards name with the support of regency council

Question 17

Why was Richard captured

Answer 17

He had to go through vienna where Count Leopold was, the one he had disrespected, but he was too famous to disguise himself

Question 18

What did John do upon hearing that Richard was captured

Answer 18

He declared that Richard was dead and his right to the throne, yet the council rejected his demands and even his own supporters were too afraid to publicly back him

Question 19

What did John do with Phillip in 1193

Answer 19

• In 1193, John fled to Paris and forged an alliance with Phillip II and began hiring mercenaries
  
  • promising to yield the Vexin to Phillip

Question 20

How much was decided to be raised for Richard’s ranasom

Answer 20

Regency council worked from may to December 1193 to raise the gigantic 150,000 marks required to ransom Richard

Question 21

Who did Richard nominate as chief justiciar in December 1193 to prepare for the king’s release

Answer 21

nominated his servant Hubert Walter, the new Archbishop of Canterbury, as the chief justiciar and preparations were made for the King’s imminent release.

Question 22

What did Richard do upon returning to England

Answer 22

• Had a second coronation
  
  • Held a council at Nottingham where he dismissed Johns followers and reinstated others such as the family of William Longchamp

Question 23

What prinicpal job was given to Hubert Walter by Richard

Answer 23

raise revenue for his war with Phillip II

Question 24

Who was Hubert’s uncle, whom he also grew up with

Answer 24

• Hubert was the nephew of the extremely competent justiciar Ranulf Glanvill who he grew up with; giving Hubert a background and education steeped in the adminstration of the English government

Question 25

What positions (apart from Chief Justiciar) gave Hubert immense authority in England

Answer 25

He was both Archbishop of Canterbury and given **legatine authority** and chancellor

Question 26

What did Hubert exploit to raise unprecedented amounts of money

Answer 26

* **Feudal incidents** including **feudal reliefs**, **wardships** and the marriages of baronial widows were all used to raise unprecedented amounts of money * Forest Eyres did likewise and amercements reached **record levels**

Question 27

What did Hubert do to ensure the safety of Jewish debts

Answer 27

Administrative reforms were put in place at the exchequer to regulate the wealth of the Jews and make sure the record of their debts were safely stored One copy was retained by the lender and another placed in a chest, known as an **archa**, which was **heavily secured**

Question 28

How did Hubert tackle **potential corruption** from sherrifs

Answer 28

in September 1194, sheriffs were forbidden to act as justices in their own shires or in other areas where they held significant personal interest Hubert also set up the office of the **coroner**

Question 29

What was the office of **coroner**

Answer 29

* a series of **local officers**, answerable to central government, **independent of the sheriff** and who could check up on their actions to ensure that more of the money raised reached the exchequer * Also heard crown plea cases that the Sheriff was banned from hearing * coroner had to be **relatively wealthy** to make him less susceptible to bribery

Question 30

What was the *Edictum Regium* that Hubert Walter introduced

Answer 30

* a process was begin under which all men over the age of 15 were **compelled to swear an oath to keep the peace** * knights were appointed for the special task of receiving these oaths - these became **justices of the peace**

Question 31

What **standardisation** did Huber undertake in November 1196

Answer 31

Implements the **Assize of Weights and Measures** that ordered that **weights and measures should be standardised** , this was immensely popular and stimulated trade

Question 32

What allowed Hubert to act with **absolute authority** in comparison to his predecessors

Answer 32

Richards close proximity enabled Hubert

Question 33

What backlash did Hubert experience

Answer 33

* The financial exactions that he undertook were unpopular, In 1196 there was a revolt against them * He was also defied by the English bishops in December 1197 when they rejected the claim that they had to provide military service overseas * In 1198 faced with the accummulation of years of unpopular decisions and increased pressure from a new pope he resigned

Question 34

What are the **constables** that Hubert creates

Answer 34

* 4 knights local to each area who would administer law and order in each area. * He did this in order to give responsibility to junior nobles less likely to abuse their power than sheriffs.