The End of John's Reign 1214-16 Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
What were the preconidtions John fufilled for a successful attempt to recover his continental teritories
A
- Reforged alliances with his nephew Otto IV, Count Ferrad of FLander, Count Renaud of Boulonge
- Utilised subsidies to pursude them to a coalition
- Langton made truce with the Welsh
- War chest from feudal incidents and booty from French after Battle of the Damme
- Papal vassal and Nicholas Tuscalm to keep England under control
2
Q
What was John’s problems with the barons (especialy northerners) in 1213 before he went off to France
A
They wouldn’t pay the scutage claiming it was outside of England and they were too impoverished already
3
Q
How was John somewhat reconciled to his barons in November 1213 before he went off to France
A
Langoton reconciled John to the northerns on 1st November 1213 at Wallingford where he made concessions
John summoned his tenants in Chiefs in early November to Oxford and it was an extremely delicate relationship
4
Q
What may have Langton draw the barons attention to
A
the attention of the barons to the coronaiton charter of King Henry I as a way to establish their rights
5
Q
What is the ‘Unknown Charter of Liberties’
A
Document from this period that proposes that the King should cocnede tthat his barons are not required to serve in an army outside of England and that the scutage should never exceed a mark
6
Q
Who did John appoint as Chief Justiciar before he left for France
A
Poitevin and loyal Bishop of Winchester Peter des Roches
as a parvenu and able justiciar he was disliked and ruled with an iron hand
7
Q
What happened when John landed at La Rochelle
A
- John embarked at Portsmouth with few Earls and msotly had lesser knights and mercenaries
- Many Poitevin barons came to La Rochelle and swore allegiance to the English King
8
Q
What happened when John landed at La Rochelle
A
- John embarked at Portsmouth with few Earls and msotly had lesser knights and mercenaries
- Many Poitevin barons came to La Rochelle and swore allegiance to the English King
9
Q
How did John secure the crucial counties of Angouleme, La Marche and the Limousin
A
he concluded a truce with the local baronage along with receiving the homage of the Count of Perigord in the south of Limousin
10
Q
Why did John go from La Rochelle to Angouleme to Gascony in what seemed like random movements
A
To confuse and fustrate Phillip who was waiting on the borders of Poitou
Caused Phllip to return to Flanders
Also John wanted to see the strength of his territories resources and impress his presence upon the barons
11
Q
What did Phillip’s return to Flanders allow John to do
A
Launch his efforts to get the Lusignans to do homage him
By the 25th May they had all done homage to him
12
Q
What was the marriage contract with the Lusignans
A
John’s daughter with Isabella of Angouleme was to be betrothed to Hugh IX’s son, Hugh. Witnessed by many Poitevin barons
Phillip vindicated John by saying that Joan (Johns daughter) should marry his son Louis
13
Q
What did John do at the port of Nantes
A
John went to Nantes and quickly took the port among the prisoners being a cousin of the French King
14
Q
What happened when the garrison of Roche-au-Moine were just about to surrender
A
Louis arrived with rienforments
15
Q
By Summer 1214 what had John nearly captured
A
All of Anjou, would’ve sparked defections
16
Q
How did the Poitevin barons react to Louis arriving at Roche-au-Moine
A
They refused to participate in a pitched battle with Louis forcing John to retreat and allow Louis to take the castle
A week later he was back in La Rochelle and begged England’s barons for support
17
Q
How delayed were the allies and how did Phillip take advantage of this
A
It was not until the 3rd week of July that the Allies were prepared as Otto lingered at his daughter’s wedding for too long
Phillip prepared by widening the bridge of Bouvins to allow all his infantry, baggage and crucial cavalry to cross
18
Q
What were the composition of the 2 armies
A
- The allied army consisted of 40,000 men including 1,500 knights
- The French had a slighlty smaller force but were stronger in heavy and light cavalry
19
Q
What proved decisive in the Battle of Bouvines
A
Phillip’s stronger cavalry destroyed the right wing of the allied forces, unhorsing Otto and thus making Germans, Hollanders and English troops flee
20
Q
Who was captured in the Battle of Bouvines
A
Most of John’s allies
Earl of Salisbury, Count of Boulonge, Count of Flanders, 25 barons and hundreds of knights
21
Q
What was the truce that John secured with Phillip
A
- The treaty was John paid 60,000 marks for a five year truce
Each side would retain their prisoners
Phillips supremacy in Flanders should be recognised
his adherents should keep all the terriorty held from the time the truce came into effect
22
Q
What was the significant of the aftermath of the Battle of Bouvines
A
- Ended the hopes of restoration of the Angevin Empire
- Johns alliances ruined as they stayed in Prison
- Led to fall of Otto and sparked the First Barons War
23
Q
How long were Count Reginald of Boulonge and Count Ferrand of Flanders imprisoned for
A
Ferrand remained a prisoner for 12 years and Renaud remained in captivity for the rest of his life
24
Q
What happend to Otto IV
A
Otto died cildlesss in 1218 and Phillip’s ally Frederick II became known as ‘the Wonder of the World’
25
What was John's return to England like after the failure in France
John found barons who hated the lvying of a special 'aid' to pay for the costs of lifting the interdict and Peter des Roche's Iron fist
John imposed a very high scutage of 3 marks for those who refused to accompany him to Poitou
26
How did Jon attempt to prevent a rebellion
removed unpopulr sheriffs from northern counties, remitted some of his fiinancial claims on those who remained in office
27
What were the 3 causes of rebellion in 1215
1)**Unrealised ambition of disappointed men** : barons who felt deliberately and unfairly excluded from the King's favour that would bestow grants, pensions, wardships and marriages. John gave while he took **creating a baronage of 'ins' and 'outs'**. The northern barons were mostly outs according to Professor Holt
2) **Accumulation of resentment among the baronage:** steady increase in Johns demands along with his **unsuccessfulness**. Drove barons to borrow from Jews at high rates of interests who were seen as royal agents themselves
3) **Intensification of the resentment**: constantly made to submit to new forms of taxation over and aboce the scutages imposed in war
28
How high was the yield of the 'thirteenth' tax and what type of barons did it hurt
the yield of the 'thirteenth' levied on rev. and properties in 1207 had exceeded the highest scutages. Hurt barons like Eustace de Vesci who had a business (developing Alnmouth) as a port
29
How did John react to the 'charter of liberties granted by Henry I' that the barons wanted him to confirm
* Upon arriving in England he delayed
* Formal meeting took place in London on 6th January 1215 where Barons arrived with arms
* John gave them safe conduct but delayed an answer until the Sunday after Easter
* Dissident barons fortified castles and demanded another answer to which John delayted to the 26th April
30
How did John react to the potential of a baronial uprising (pre-Magna Carta)
* He tried to delay it as he was **bankrupt and discredited**
* Raised some Poitevin barons but then dismissed them; wanted to be seen as a victim
* Wrote to Innocent III and on 4th March took an **oath as a Crusader**
31
What was Langton's role in the baronial uprising
Langton was sympathetic to the barons and so while
he pretended to mediate, he in fact simply encouraged the barons with their demands, and it was
suggested it was he who first brought the charter of Henry I to the barons attention.
32
How did Innocent III respond to John's intial warnings of an uprising and the barons not paying the scutage
* Innocent warned barons of conspiracy and repireved Langton. On 1st April Popoe said the baronage must pay the scutage and John satisfied with the matter stopped recruiting mercenaries from Poitou
33
What happened on the 30th April 1215 at Wallingford
On 30th April John rejected the Barons at Wallingford causing the barons to renounce their honage and appoint Robert fitz-Walter the comander-in-chief of 'the Army of God and the Holy Church'
Rebels then took Bedford
34
How did John respond to barons renouncing their homage and apointing Robert Fitz Walter as their leader
* John tried to sort out the difference along with a promise of amnesty
* He showed more goodwilll by undertaking to submit fines that he had impose on two of his enemies Geoffrey de Mandeville (Earl of Essex) and Giles de Braose (bishop of Hereford) to the judgement of a court
* But these were rejected and on the 12th of May John gave orders to seize the estates of the rebels
35
In 1215 and 1216 how many barons could be counted as rebels; how many of these were important barons
* At no point did the rebels have the active support of England; in 1215 only 40 barons can be counted as rebels by the end of 1216 the numer of rebel barons had increased to 97
only 13 of the 27 ,most important barons supported the rebels in 1215 and by 1216 that had fallen to 8
36
Who were the most important rebels and where did they come from
* Opposition to John was strongest in the north and East Anglia
* Prominent northern rebels included William de Mowbray. Eustsace de Vesci and Gilbert de Grant with the service of 79 knights were vitally important
* Other important rebel barons included Henry de Bohun, earl of Hereford, William Marshal the younger, Saer de Quincy, earl of Winchester and Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford
37
Where did John's support come from and how did that effect the military command over the north
Johns strength lay in Southern and west england
Supporters of John were Williiam Marshal, Earl of Pembroke and the Earls of Salisbury, Warwick, Devon and Surrey
But John had loyal supporters in the north such as himself (earl of Lancaster), ranulf Earl of Chester and William De Ferrers, Earl of Derby
Johns easily established military command over the north and it was not united
38
Between the royalists and the rebels who were there
Between the 2 sides were neutralists who under Stephgen langton attempted to harmonise the Kings traditional rights 'with the restatement of English custom in the light of new necessities'
39
How did John attempt to be unprovocative with mercenaries and London
John attempted to be unprovocative by stationing the Poitvein mercenaries under the command of Savaric de Mauleon in Ireland
Gave a **very favorable charter** to the people of London
40
How did London fall to the rebels
John's forces didn't reach in time and a minority of Londonerrs opened the gates on SUnday 17th May giving the Rebels contol of the capital
41
How did John respond to London and other rebel outbreaks in SW and midlands
John asked Stephen Langton on the 27th of May to arrange a truce
* 29th May John wrote to the pope complaining about the rebek barons preventing him from crusade
42
What happened at Runnymede
* Marshal and Langton negotiated a peace at Runnymede calaled 'the article of the barons'
* Draft articles ealed with the great seal on 15th Jume and final terms would be worked out. This became the first version of the **Magna Carta** with 63 Clauses
* 19th June peace was 'made firm'
* Not all of the rebel barons renewed their homage and some left before peace made firm
43
What is Angevin Despotism and how does it relate to Magna Carta
The style of Kingship of the Angevins is often described as Angevin Despotism
took power from the barons for themselves
- John’s reign can on the one hand be seen as **merely a continuation** of the style of Kingship of the previous two monarchs, or on the other hand **as a great leap towards despotism** not seen under Henry or the absentee kingship of Richard.
- Magna Carta itself, depending on the answer to the previous question, can either be seen as an opportunistic power grab from a weak monarch, or as a justified restriction on the executive power of the king to act as a despot.
44
How did Magna Carta treat the freemen and unfree
clause 20 that promised tenants in chief t treat their tenants in the way the King treated them
39 Promisesd lawful judgement of peers
45
How did Magna Carta treat the freemen and unfree
clause 20 that promised tenants in chief t treat their tenants in the way the King treated them
39 Promisesd lawful judgement of peers
46
How did JOhn ensure the permanance of the provisions of the Charter
Clause 61 that allowed the barons to elect the council of 25 that would keep the libertiess and could hold the king's castles and possessions if the articles were broken
47
What did Magna Carta say about scutages and reliefs
* Fixed reliefs of £100, no forced remarriages
o Earls and barons to be fined only by their equals,
o Taxation and scutage based on consent
Amercements should not threaten a man's livelihood
* restrictions placed on the exploitations of debts to the Jews
48
What did Magna Carta say about the Parvenues
Clause 50 expelled Poitevins
'Removal of Gerad d'Athee, Engelhard de Cigogne, Phillip Marc and Families'
49
What did Magna Carta say about Justice and Royal Authority
o Disseisin by arbitrary will is banned, **12 of the Council of 25 are returned land**.
o Committee of 25 barons can overrule the king – clause 61, security clause.
Clause 34: Restrictions on a writ precipe's ability to bypasss baronial courts
18: Itinerant justices visit 4 times a year
19: Knights and freeholders to oversee Justice
28/30: Royal Officials cannot take possessions/transportations from a free man without consent
38: Words of officials alone without witnesses is insufficient to place a man on trial
50
How does Clause 47 and 53 about **forest law** and Claus 17 about **centralisation of courts** point to John as a particularly despotic king
47: 'The Reversal of Increase forestation **by John**'
53: Forest law not to be interfered in by John and return to **how it was with Henry II and Richard**
17: '**Reverses John's centralisation of courts**and restores the court of common pleas'
Points that Johns actions were seen as too far while previous kings were fine
51
How does Clause 52 and 55 point to John as a mere continutaiton of Angevin Despotism
52+5: John promised to restore all lands,castles and liberties taken by him from anyone without the legal judgements of the man's peers and to investigate the claims of those **who had been despoiled by Richard I and Henry II**
Points to a continuaiton
52
How did towns and tradesmen benefit from Magna Carta (portraying the business nature of some of the Barons)
13: Rights of liberties of towns
31: Baliffs not to take timber unless agreed by timber owner
33: Removal of Weirs from rivers
35: standard weights and measures throughout kingdom
41/42: Freedom of movement for merchants
53
How was the Church impacted from Magna Carta
1/63: Church have liberties and free elections
46: Barons who founded abbeys may have a guardianship there when there is no abbot
60: All of Magna Carta's customs and liberties also applied to clergy
54
How was Clause 23 of exclusive benefit to the Peasants
lause 23 of exclusive benefit to peasants, ‘no village or man ‘to be forced to
build a bridge.
55
What are the famous clauses of Magna Carta that contributed to English law in modernity
Famous ones are 39/40 that 'No man shall be taken impriosned outlawed banished or in any destroyed, nor will we proceed against or prosecute him except by the lawful judgement of his peers or by the law of the land' and 'To no one will we sell, to no one weill we deny or delay, riight or justice
56
How is John's charter of 1215 (Magna Carta?) viewed by historians
* John's charter of 1215 was not 'Magna Carta' that was one issued by his son with many clauses such as those to do with the council of 25 and the royal forests being withdrawn and expanded
* John Charter is seen with **little signifcance as a feudal reactionary document** that couldn’t havbe been enforced without a road to political antachy
Frank Barlow= **impracticable guide for the future**' Austine Lane Poole- 'for John's reign the constitutional importance of Magna Carta is negligible'
57
What does the contemporary biographer of William Marshal say about Magna Carta
doesn’t mention it
58
How did John show his goodwill after Runnymede
* John distrubutes the charter to every shire and instructs his sheriffs and baliffs to take **oaths of loyalty to the Council of 25**
* He appoint **Hubert Burgh as Chief Justiciar** who was liked by both sides
* John selected new sheriffs to subsitute those who were disliked and settled cases that barons claimed he had treated them unfairly
* John commanded foreign mercenaries in dover to go home
* Went to a further meeting at Oxford to clarify treaty
59
How did extreme barons act after Runnymede
* However extreme barons **left Runnymede before the peace** and **refused to give up London**
* They insisted on retaining controrl and invited Lord of Belvoir William D'Aubigny to help
They also fortified castles and moved a tournament from **Stamford to Staines** in order to provide cover for military preparation
60
How did John react to the actions of the extreme barons after Runnymede
John became suspicious and claimed the barons had treated him badly in August he recaled the Flemings, tried to raise troops in Brittany, Acquitaine and the nobility in Ireland. Expected to be ready by September
He also sent another **message to the Pope asking him to annul the charter** (in violation of Clause 61)
61
What did the messages from Innocent III say in response to John's letters
In respone to John's letter (before Magna Carta) to the Pope about the rebel barons innocent III said on August 16th that all distuebers of the King and Kingddom **shall be excommunicated** and an inderdict placed on their lands. Bishops who didn't do this would be suspended
In response to John's request to annul the Charter, Innocent III annulused it on the 24th August; made known in England by the end of September
62
How did the bishops respond to Innocent's order that all the disturbers of the King should be excommunicated
* They tried to wait but as the situation descended on the 5th of September they pronouned sentence but with no names
* Langton was suspended as he refused to publish it
63
How did John take Rochester Castle
* John forces destroyed the bridge over the Medway that could have provide relief e.g. a force of 700 mounted soldiers came in late October but turned back
* 8 weeks later John captured the castle through mining of the keep
Other rebel castles fell in the South East after Rochester
64
What did John do at the council of St Albans
John divided his army
1. his half-brother the Earl of Salisbury along with his most trusted mercenary captains Falkes de Breaute and Savaric de Mauelon to contain the rebel barrons in London
2. while John campaigned in the north
65
By Mid January 1216 how far north had John gone
Went as north as Dunbar to punish ALexander II
66
What did John do in Feb+March 1216
spent feb + march harrying East Anglia
67
How successful was John's army with London
However neither army was able to get rebels out of London and got no closer than Enfield (12 miles out)
68
How did the Barons react to John's success (Rochester + SE,Dunbar,East Anglia)
barons in London causing them to appeal to the King of France who sent Louis as to not involve himself. In Spring 1216 Louis started sending his knights across the channel
69
Why did John let Louis land in England unopposed on 20th May 1215
John's fleet was destroyed by a storm 2 days earlier and he had retreated to Winchester leaving Hubert de Burgh in charge of Dover
John feared betayal as in 1203 and 1213 since he was late on paying his french mercenaries
70
What did Louis' unopposed landing and entry to London cause
gave courage to King Alexander II to cross the Socttish border andd John's allies such as Earl of Surrey, Arundel, York and even his half-brother Earl of Salisbury went to Louis to do homage
2/3rds of the baronage had allied with Louis
71
What was John's position after the landing of Louis
* John still had faithful friends such as William Marshal, Ranulf Earl of chester secured the west midlands while Hubert de Burg defended Louis from Dover. The Earl of Salisbury renewed his loyalty
Some of John's old enemies had died such as Eustace de Vesci and Geoffrey de Mandeville
72
When did John take the offensice again after the landing of Louis and what does he do
* John took the offensive in september 1216 he** took cambridge** and advanced through Huntingdonshire into Lincolnshire aiming to **subdue Eastern England** and cut off his enemies in the north from those in the south
* John **relieved lincoln castle** and turned south-east to King Lynn where he was received warmly
73
How did John die
* Struck by Dysentry and dies at Newark Castle
* Lost all his jewels and heard news of Hubert de Burgh conceding a truce to Louis at Dover
74
Who does John name as executors of his will
papal legate Gualo, Peter des Roches Bishop of winchester, William Marshal, Ranulf of Chester, and his 2 faithful merencary captains Savaric de Mauleon and Falkes de Breaute
75
What does John state in his will
* His will instructed to make satisfaction to God and the Church, send help to the Holy Land and assist his sons in the recovery and defence of his inheritance
* He declared his eldest son Henry as heir and commended him to the guardianship of William Marshal
* John left his **children's protection to Honorious III** on his deathbed; securing Church support of it's position as overlord of England
76
What was the position of John's campaign at the time of his death
* Revel forces were in control of Capital and much of South-East England
* Loyalists controlled the west and midlands
* Church and prominent barons like William Marshal and Ranulph of Chester were ready to defend the dynasty
* Alliance between the baronial rebels and Louis was **strained**; as those with Louis expected to be rewarded with English land at the expense of the barons
* John hadn't been defeat in battle so there was **no demonstration of God's rejection of his kingship**, while had **new Pope Honorious III firm allyship** and 2 blameless sons
77
How did Henry III and the regency council take adavantage of the strained relationship between Louis and the baronial rebels
* Regency council **re-issued Magna Carta with revisions** like the removal of clause 61 (council of 25) and received the support of Honorius III and co sealed by Gualo
* Further revision in 1217 separated the Forest charter from the main body of articles
Resulted in a **no. of prominent rebels switching alliance** such as Marshall's own sons
78
How did Papal Legate Guala and Honorious III help Henry III
* In December 1216 Honorius III ordered all English barons to return to allegiance of John's sons, utilising Guala to excommunicate those who continued to resist while invalidating all oaths made by English barons to Louis
Guala presented the conflict as a holy war further incentivisng barons
79
What happened on the 20th of May 1217
Led by Marsshall the royalists achieved a spectacular victory against Thomas, Count of Perche's forces that were in control of the city
Decisive victory resulted in Perche being killed and many rebel barons such as Earl of Winchester (saer de quincy), Hereford (Bohun) and Lincoln (de Lacy)
80
What did Louis do after the disastorous Battle of Lincoln in 1217
* Louis controled London and sought rienforcements from France
He withdrew from the Siege of Dover and waited in London for the relief force sent by Blanche of Castille under the command of Eustance the Monk and Robert de Courtenay
81
What happened in the Battle of Sandwhich in August 1217
naval victory for the royalist forces over Louis's fleet at the Battle of Sandwhich in August 1217 made Louis' position untenable
82
What did the Royalist victory at the Battle of Sandwich make Louis do
* Peace was signed at 11/12 setpemer at Lambeth/Kingston
* Louis formally renounced his claim and left England on 28th September
* Terms announced an amnesty for the English rebels with the reissuing of mAgna Carta
83
What was the effects of severe inflation in 1198-1204
* amounts that landholders paid to the Crown which were otherwise fixed and based on custom yet was **declining in real terms**
* By end of John's reign it **costed him 3 times to hire mercenaries compared to what it costed his father had paid**
This economic context could've explained John's financial innovations
84
What was John's relationship with the Jews during his reign
* Jews paid a royal charter of over £2500 for royal protection
* John becae more rapacious as he lost Normandy
* In 1207 he imposed a **tallage of £2666 from them**
* 1210 tallage of Bristol Jews was savage
85
How did John treat Abraham of Bristol
Failure of Abraham of Bristol to pay his 10,000 mark contribution led to a tooth being pulled every day for a week until he succumbed
86
How did John's keeness to keep his baron's indebt affect the Jews
* Jews were percieved as royal agents of financial oppression to the extent Magna Carta included several provisions such as Article 10 and 11 that acted against them and debts owed to them
* Jew's position was most precarious at this point
e.g. When barons took over London they destroyed Jewish houses
87
What was John's political legacy
* Royal authority had been tested almost to the breaking point by King John
* At the end of his reign it hanged by a thread but Marshal and the Church gave respite
* Magna Carta was reissued and the assertiveness of the barons was to haunt John's son and successor Henry III
88
How many scutages did John apply compared to his predecessors
Henry 8/34 yrs scutages, Richard 3/10yrs , John 11/16yrs and higher rates.
89
How much did John charge Nicholas de Stuteville
Charged Nicholas de Stuteville over 6k relief, not £100, just to take his castle.
90
What did Stephen say in one of his lectures in Paris about obdeience to kings
Stephen Langton was also an influential ideological influence, having condemned ‘the
avarice of modern Kings’ in his lectures in Paris. He claimed lawful obedience was not
necessary if the King acted without judgement.
91
Was the royal authority of John and other seen as elective or divine
already seen as elective not divine, John stressing his ascension to the
throne on both divine appointment and ‘the unanimous assent and favour of clergy and people’
92
What evidence is there for Magna-Carta type feeligns under Richard
Roger Bigod demanded that he **only be deprived of property by judgement of his peers.**
- William Newburgh commented that Richard had brought in Longchamp Without the counsel and consent of great men, implying the **need for rule by natives by consent.**
