Rise Of Nationalism In Europe Flashcards
1
Q
What measures and practices created a sense of collective identity among the French masses?
A
- La Patrie / Le ciyoten [notion of a united community enjoying equal rights]
- A new French Flag to replace the former royal standard
- The Estate Generals were elected and renamed the National Assembly.
- French was chosen as the common language of the nation
- A Centralised Administrative system was adopted.
2
Q
What was the Napoleonic Code of 1804?
A
- Abolishment of the feudal system
- Establishing equality before the law
- Establishing the right to property
- Abolishing manorial dues and freeing peasants from serfdom
- Introducing a standardized system of weights and measures
3
Q
Why did the initial enthusiasm regarding Napoleon’s rule turn into hostility?
A
- Increased Taxation
- Forced Conscription
- Increased censorship
- People felt that they didn’t have political freedom
4
Q
Describe the aristocracy!
A
- Numerically small but a dominant social class
- Connected through the ties of marriage
- Lead a common lavish lifestyle
- Spoke French for the purpose of diplomacy
- Owned Property.
5
Q
Describe the New Middle Class!
A
- Industrialisation led to the growth of towns and the emergence of a commercial class.
- This was the New Middle Class whose existence was based on the production of the market
- This class was more educated and affluent than the peasantry
- The businessmen, professionals, and the industrialists comprised of this new class.
- The idea of Liberalism gained popularity among them as they believed in positions based on merit and wanted to overthrow the autocracy
6
Q
What did Liberalism Stand for?
A
- Liberalism stood for National Unity in the early nineteenth century.
- Liberalism in its political sense stood for equality before the law, suffrage, sanctity of the right to property, and constitutional and representative government.
- Liberalism in its economic sense meant freedom of the market, abolishment of the state-imposed restrictions on goods and capital, and the adoption of a standardized system for weights in measures
- Liberalism in its social sense meant freedom of the individual, freedom of the press, and the end of autocracy.
- Example:- Creation of Zollverien in 1834 to reduce taxes and make trade efficient
7
Q
What was Zollverein?
A
- Zollverein was a customs union initiated by Prussia in 1834.
- Its main aim was to reduce taxes and make trade efficient
- It abolished tariff barriers.
- Reduced the no. of currencies from 30 to 2
- Made trade efficient by introducing railway networks
8
Q
What were the changes made by the conservatives in 1815?
A
- Their main motive of the Vienna Congress was to undo the changes done by Napoleon and restore the rule of monarchy!
- The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power
- France lost all its territories annexed under Napoleon.
- Many buffer states were set up on the border of France to avoid future expansion.
- Nothern Italy was given to Austria, Saxony was given to Prussia and Russia received parts of Poland.
9
Q
Short Note on Giuseppe Mazzini! [3M]
A
- Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who was born in Genoa in 1807.
- He founded societies like ‘Young Italy’ in Marseilles and ‘Young Europe’ in Berne which brought together like-minded young men.
- He conceptualised a unified Italy and believed that nations were created by God to be the natural units of mankind.
10
Q
What role did Mazzini play in Unifying Italy? [3M]
A
- Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who was born in Genoa in 1807.
- He conceptualized a unified Italy and believed that nations were created by God to be the natural units of mankind.
- He founded the ‘Young Italy’ society in Marseilles, and ‘Young Europe’ in Berne.
- Metternich described Giuseppe Mazzini as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’ due to his relentless vision for democratic republics and opposition to monarchy.
11
Q
What was the Greek war of independence?
A
- Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. The struggle for independence amongst the Greeks began in 1821.
- The Popular struggle for liberalism inspired greece to yearn for freedom!
- Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile, poets, artists, and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.
- The English poet Lord Byron organized funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.
- Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent nation.
12
Q
Describe the role of Romanticism in developing nationalist feelings among Europeans during the nineteenth century.
A
- Many Artists and Poets saw art and language as a medium to develop nationalist feelings in the people. They were called Romantic Artists
- Johann Gottfried Herder was one such artist who popularised pharases like Dasvolk [The people] and Volkgeist [The nation]
- Karol Kurpinski too popularised nationalist feelings through his folk dances such as Mazurka and Polonaise and made them nationalist symbols
- Other Artists such as The Grimm Brothers and Eugene Delacroix too saw their art as a form to unite their nation
- Language could also be seen as a symbol of struggle in Poland where people the Polish language to fight agaist Russian rule
13
Q
“France once again became a democratic republic after a series of hardships and revolts” Elucidate.
A
- Population was severely increasing all over Europe leading to high unemployment.
- People moved to cities in search for jobs which created overcrowded slums
- Artists faced a stiff competition from the cheap machine made goods and on the other hand, peasants struggled under the burden of the feudal system and dues.
- This lead to a widespread of pauperism and brought the population of paris on the roads forcing Louis Phillippe to flee.
- A national assembly proclaimed republic, granted suffrage to all men above 21, and guaranteed right to work.
14
Q
Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals.
A
- The liberal Revolution was the first step towards German Unification whose members were businessmen, professionals and prosperous artists .
- They collectively were demanding for national unification and constitutionalism
- On 18th May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched to take their places in the Franfurt Parliament in St. Paul’s Church
- They Drafted a constitution in the parliament with the hopes of unifying Germany.
- But, Fredrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia rejected it.
15
Q
German Unification!
A
- The elected representatives in 1848 had drafted a constitution to make Germany a nation state didn’t receive support from the monarch.
- The revolt further took place under the leadership of the king of Prussia William ɪ . He received support from monarchs, bureaucrats and the junkers
- Ottovon Bismarck was the architect of the movement. Germany fought 3 wars over 7 years with Austia, Denmark and France
- This resulted in Prussian Victory and Kaiser William ɪ was crowned king
- The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany.
