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Aeronautical Engineering > Risk Analysis > Flashcards

Risk Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three community risks?

A

Unavoidable, In Principle Avoidable, Avoidable

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2
Q

Give an example of an unavoidable risk

A

Falling, Fire

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3
Q

Give an example of an ‘In Principle’ Avoidable risk

A

Transport accident, Poison by medication

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4
Q

Give an example of an avoidable risk

A

Drowning, Rock Climbing

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5
Q

What is the formula for calculating risk?

A

Risk = consequence x frequency

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6
Q

What does ALARP stand for?

A

As Low As Reasonably Practicable

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7
Q

Name the three stages of an ALARP diagram

A

Unacceptable, ALARP or tolerable, acceptable

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8
Q

What does HAZOP stand for?

A

Hazard and Operability Studies

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9
Q

Define HAZOP

A

Applies a set of guidewords to determine consequences (more than, less than)

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10
Q

What does FMEA stand for?

A

Failure Mode Effects Analysis

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11
Q

Define FMEA

A

Step by step procedure for the evaluation of the severity of potential failure modes in a system

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12
Q

Define reliability, R(t)

A

Probability system remains operating from time 0 to time t, given it was operating at time 0

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13
Q

Define unreliability, F(t)

A

Probability system failed once or more from time 0 to time t, given it was operating at time 0

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14
Q

R(t) + F(t) = ?

A

1

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15
Q

Define availability, A(t)

A

Probability the system is operating at time t, given it was operating at time 0

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16
Q

Define unavailability, Q(t)

A

Probability the system is not operating at time t, given it was operating at time 0

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17
Q

A(t) + Q(t) = ?

A

1

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18
Q

For a non repairable component, Q(t) = ?

A

F(t)

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19
Q

On a bathtub curve the burn in period shows what in terms of failure?

A

A decrease in failure

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20
Q

On a bathtub curve the useful life period shows what in terms of failure?

A

A constant failure

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21
Q

On a bathtub curve the wear out period shows what in term of failure?

A

An increase in failure

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22
Q

List the life cycle of a product?

A

Concept > design > manufacturing > operation > retirement

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23
Q

Define risk identification

A

Find and describe risks

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24
Q

Define risk analysis

A

Understand risks

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25
Q

Define risk evaluation

A

Determine if risk is acceptable or tolerable

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26
Q

What are the qualitative risk analysis methods?

A

Checklists, PHA, PFHA, Rapid Ranking, HAZAN/ID

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27
Q

What does PHA stand for?

A

Preliminary Hazard Analysis

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28
Q

What is PHA?

A

Tabular form and colour coding

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29
Q

What does PFHA stand for?

A

Preliminary Functional Hazard Analysis

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30
Q

What is PFHA?

A

Separates systems into functions

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31
Q

What is Rapid Ranking?

A

List of risks according to severity and functions

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32
Q

What does HAZAN/ID stand for?

A

Hazard Analysis/Identification

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33
Q

Define failure

A

A deviation from normal intent

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34
Q

Define hazard

A

Potential to cause damage

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35
Q

Define accident

A

Unplanned event causing damage

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36
Q

Define consequence

A

Outcome from accident

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37
Q

Define severity

A

Measure of consequence

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38
Q

Describe bow tie analysis

A

Like a spider diagram with tope evet in the middle, two threats on the left, two consequences on the right and a hazard in the top

39
Q

Define Design FMEA

A

Analysis of product and how failure modes affect the product operation

40
Q

Define Process FMEA

A

Analysis of process by which product is built, maintained and used. It examines how failures in manufacturing process can affect product operation

41
Q

Give an example of a functional approach (coarse-system breakdown)

A

Valve control system

42
Q

Give an example of a hardware approach (detailed system breakdown)

A

Valve, sensor, controller

43
Q

What is the FMEA procedure?

A

Define system > construct hierarchal breakdown and functional block diagrams > record assumptions > define system failure modes > list component failure modes > complete FMEA sheet > Determine reliability critical components

44
Q

List some failure mode examples

A

No feed to engines
No feed to APU
No feed to heat exchanger
No fuel transfer

45
Q

List some component failure mode examples

A

Fails on
Fails off
Fails open
Fails closed
Fails high
Fails low

46
Q

What does FMECA stand for?

A

Failure Modes Effects and Criticality Analysis

47
Q

How is a Risk Priority Number (RPN) calculated ?

A

Severity x Likelihood of occurrence x Likelihood of detection

48
Q

What is on the horizontal axis of a criticality matrix?

A

Severity

49
Q

What is on the vertical axis of a criticality matrix?

A

Frequency

50
Q

How many severity levels are there?

A

4

51
Q

How many frequency/occurrence levels are there?

A

5

52
Q

What is the formula for criticality?

A

Criticality = Frequency x Severity

53
Q

What criticality number are deemed unacceptable?

A

12+

54
Q

What assumption is made for fault trees?

A

The events are independent

55
Q

List some typical top events

A

No fuel supply to engines
Safety system unavailable
Standby system unavailable
Explosion
Complete brake system failure
Landing gear fails

56
Q

List some typical basic events

A

Pump fails to start
Valve fails closed
Piston stuck
Operator fails to respond

57
Q

Define a cut set

A

A list of failure events such that if they occur then so does the top event

58
Q

Define a minimal cut set

A

A list of minimal, necessary and sufficient conditions for the occurrence of the top event

59
Q

Define a path set

A

A list of components such that if they all work then the system is also in a working state

60
Q

Define a minimal path set

A

If any item is removed, the system no longer functions

61
Q

Symbol for AND?

A

.

62
Q

Symbol for OR?

A

+

63
Q

Use the distributive law : (A+B).(C+D)

A

A.C + A.D + B.C + B.D

64
Q

Use the idempotent law : A+A

A

A

65
Q

Use the idempotent law : A.A

A

A

66
Q

Use the absorption law : A+A.B

A

A

67
Q

What is order culling?

A

Produce only those minimal cut sets which have k or less failure events

68
Q

What is probability culling?

A

Produce only those minimal cut sets which have probability of occurrence greater or equal to a specified cut off value

69
Q

What is frequency culling?

A

Produce only those minimal cut sets which have a frequency of occurrence greater or equal to a specified cut off value

70
Q

What is the symbol for failure rate?

A

λ

71
Q

What is the symbol for time of operation?

A

t

72
Q

What is the symbol for repair rate?

A

v or µ

73
Q

What is the symbol for inspection interval?

A

θ

74
Q

What is the symbol for mean time to repair?

A

T

75
Q

What is the formula for unscheduled maintenance when system is a steady state?

A

t -> θ
Therefore formula: λ/(λ+v)

76
Q

What is a mutually exclusive event?

A

Events which cannot occur together

77
Q

Using the addition law: P(AuB)

A

P(A) + P(B) - P(AnB)

78
Q

Using the addition law : P(AuBuC)

A

P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(AnB) + P(AnC) + P(BnC) + P(AnBnC)

79
Q

Using the multiplication law : P(AnB)

A

P(A) x P(B)

80
Q

Using the multiplication law: P(AnBnC)

A

P(A) x P(B) x P(C)

81
Q

What are the features of a continuously operating system?

A

A system that can fail in any order

Start point is system operating normally

Success/Failure of each component is then considered

82
Q

What are the features of a system where the components are in standby mode?

A

Components operation can be dependent on success/failure of another component

Start point (initiating event) is usually an unsatisfactory event

Monitors all possible outcomes following an initiating event

83
Q

What does RBD stand for?

A

Reliability Block Diagrams

84
Q

What is a farmer curve (X axis?, Y axis?)

A

A graph with frequency on y axis and consequence on X axis. Above the line is considered unacceptable and below the line is considered acceptable

85
Q

What is the x and y axis of a bathtub curve?

A

X axis is the time and y axis is the hazard rate

86
Q

Why is the culling method used?

A

For if there are too many minimal cut sets, by culling, the most significant ones remain

87
Q

What assumption is made for fault trees?

A

The events are independent

88
Q

What is failure time?

A

The time between the occurrence of two failures

89
Q

What is lower bound?

A

First two terms in expression

90
Q

What is upper bound / rare event approximation?

A

First term in expression

91
Q

What is min cut set upper bound?

A

1 - (1-first terms)

92
Q

How do you calculate F(t)

A

number failed / total number

93
Q

How to calculate rate of something when given the mean?

A

rate = 1/mean

94
Q

Steady state formula for no repair?

A

1

Aeronautical Engineering (4 decks)

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