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Geography- Natural Environment > Rivers > Flashcards

Rivers Flashcards

1
Q

What are the effects of flooding in HIC’s?

A

Reduces tourism because building ands roads are destroyed

This means there is less income

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2
Q

What are the effects of flooding in LIC’s?

A

Bacteria in rivers is drunk by people and gives them diseases e.g cholera

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3
Q

What are the natural causes of flooding?

A
  • heavy rain
  • no leaves on trees
  • winter
  • steep hills
  • thin soil
  • clay soil
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4
Q

What are the human causes of flooding?

A
  • building a city
  • deforestation
  • ploughing fields
  • construction
  • impermeable surfaces made like roads
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5
Q

What 4 ways can we predict/ prevent flooding?

A

Education
Planning
Forecasting
Building design

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6
Q

How can we prevent effects of flooding by education?

A
  • alerted by texts

- learning how to stack sand bags

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7
Q

How do we prevent effects of flooding by forecasting?

A

We are prepared by watching weather forecasts

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8
Q

How can we prevent effects of flooding by planning?

A
  • turning off gas, electrics and water supply
  • know who and how to contact
  • prepare flood kit
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9
Q

What building design features can reduce the effects of flooding?

A
  • sand bags
  • flood defences
  • plugs higher up
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10
Q

How is a V-shaped valley formed?

A
  • water erodes river by abrasion and makes the river deeper
  • freeze thaw causes the rock to break away
  • the new slopes easily erode by slumping
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11
Q

How is an interlocking spur formed?

A

River erodes avoiding hard rock so river bends around it

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12
Q

How is a meander formed?

A
  • fast flowing water erodes the outer bank by abrasion
  • widens and deepens river
  • river cliff develops
  • on the inside there is less energy
  • deposition of silt forms a small beach
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13
Q

How is a waterfall formed?

A

The water erodes the soft rock by hydraulic action quicker then the hard rock creating a waterfall and there is an undercut

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14
Q

How is a plunge pool formed?

A

Hydraulic action and abrasion cause a deep pit in the river bed due to falling water and stones from a waterfall

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15
Q

How are river cliffs formed?

A

When the outside bend is deepened and widened by abrasion is forms a river cliff

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16
Q

How are slip off slopes formed?

A

On the inside bend of a meander there is deposition of materials causing a slip off slope

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17
Q

How is an ox bow lake formed?

A
  • water flows fast around bend eroding outside curve
  • neck of meander narrows due to hydraulic action and abrasion making it wear away
  • the neck disappears as the river joins making a straight river
  • alluvium is piled onto shallow river cutting off meander
  • leaves a meander scar/ oxbow lake
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18
Q

How are levees formed?

A
  • During a flood water rises and so sand and mud builds up on the banks so layers build
  • flood plain causes friction so water is slower

-after the flood an embankment is left (sediment built up) this is called a levee

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19
Q

Define the term drainage basin.

A

An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.

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20
Q

Define the term watershed.

A

An area of land that separates water flow into different rivers.

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21
Q

Define the term confluence.

A

Where 2 rivers join.

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22
Q

Define the term tributary.

A

Small rivers leading into the main river.

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23
Q

Define the term source.

A

Original point from which the river flows.

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24
Q

Define the term mouth.

A

The part of the river which flows into a lake or ocean.

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25
Q

What are the 4 types of weathering?

A
  • Freeze-thaw
  • onion skin
  • biological
  • chemical
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26
Q

Explain the process of freeze thaw.

A
  • crack fills with water and expands at night when it freezes
  • rock cracks
  • rock breaks away overtime
27
Q

Explain onion skin weathering.

A
  • heat from sun hits the rock and expands it.
  • at night the rock contracts as it cools
  • weakened rock peels
28
Q

Explain biological weathering.

A
  • bird drops seed in hole
  • tree grows due to sun and rain
  • roots grown and expands due to pressure
  • ground breaks away
29
Q

Describe chemical weathering.

A
  • pollution from factories combine with rain
  • acid rain is formed
  • dissolves land making it flatter
30
Q

What are the 4 types of erosion?

A
  • abrasion
  • attrition
  • hydraulic action
  • solution
31
Q

Describe the process of abrasion.

A
  • stones thrown against the sides
  • ground chips away
  • river expands
32
Q

Describe the process of attrition.

A
  • stones grind against each other due to water movement

- rocks are smoother and smaller overtime

33
Q

Explain the process of hydraulic action.

A
  • poet from waterfall created force due to weight and energy of the water
  • the force wears the ground away as water erodes the ground
34
Q

Explain solution.

A

Soluble particles are dissolved in the river.

35
Q

What is soil creep?

A

Soil moving downhill due to gravity.

36
Q

Explain soil creep.

A
  • Water In soil cools at night and explained outwards as it freezes.
  • Ice melts in the day
  • soil creeps downhill over time due to gravity
37
Q

What is slumping?

A

When the soil slips down hill due to a loss of friction.

38
Q

How does slumping occur?

A
  • heavy rain saturated soil making it unstable
  • gravity causes soil to slide done as it’s too heavy.
  • once saturated there’s less friction causing a slump at the bottom where soil has piled.
39
Q

What are the characteristics measured at each part of the river?

A 
Width
Depth
Discharge
Gradient
Bedload size
Bedload shale
Velocity
40
Q

What are the characteristics of a river at its upper course?

A
  • narrow
  • shallow
  • little discharge
  • steep
  • big stones
  • angular stones
  • slow
41
Q

What are the characterisers of a river at its middle course?

A
  • wide
  • deep
  • little discharge
  • medium gradient
  • medium size stones
  • semi rounded stones
  • relatively fast
42
Q

What are the characteristics of a river at its lower course?

A
  • very wide
  • deep
  • lots of discharge
  • level gradient
  • small stones
  • rounded stones
  • fast
43
Q

What does hard engineering involve?

A

Major construction

44
Q

What does soft engineering work with?

A

Natural processes

45
Q

What are the hard engineering methods used as flood defences?

A

Dams
Pumping stations
Flood walls
Widening/deepening river

46
Q

What soft engineering methods reduce floods?

A

Afforestation
Managed flooding
Planning

47
Q

What are the advantage and disadvantages of dams?

A

Good:

  • source of electricity
  • water source

Bad:

  • destroys views
  • destroys habitats
48
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of pumping stations?

A

Good:

  • temporary
  • cheaper than a dam

Bad:

  • floods crops
  • takes up thousands of acres
49
Q

How can afforestation reduce floods? Including Advantages and disadvantages.

A

Increases infiltration
Soaks up water
Looks good

But

Takes time to grow trees
Only reduces

50
Q

Name the case study for rivers.

A

River theme- Tenbury

51
Q

What hard engineering methods were considered for the river Teme? Why wasn’t it used?

A

-Flood wall was expensive (£5 million)
Would have protected the town

  • widening river would be done on 166km costin £1 million a km
  • storage basin would use 3000 acres of land
52
Q

What soft engineering methods were used?

A 
Flood boards
Special air bricks 
One way valves 
Floating pump 
Floodbags
Electric sockets raised
53
Q

How much did the soft engineering scheme cost for tenbury and how many homes and businesses did it provide for?

A

£400,000 for 100 properties

54
Q

How do flood boards work?

A

They seal the door way preventing water entering property.

55
Q

How do special bricks work?

A

Allows air to flow into foundations and cellars as they have holes in. They self close to water

56
Q

How do one way valves work?

A

Stop water coming up through toilets and drains

57
Q

How does a plotting pump work?

A

Automatically pumps out water

58
Q

What are flood bags?

A

They are big bags which you put your belongings in to keep them safe.

59
Q

When was the major flood in tenbury?

A

2007

60
Q

How deep was the flood in tenbury ?

A

90cm deep

61
Q

Would tenbury benefit from from soft or hard engineering? Why?

A

Soft. Cheaper

62
Q

What are the physical causes of flooding?

A
  • heavy rainfall
  • snowmelt
  • steep slopes
  • impermeable rock
  • wet saturated soil
  • compact or dry soil
63
Q

What are the human causes of flooding?

A
  • urbanisation

- deforestation

Geography- Natural Environment (4 decks)

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