Rivers

Question 1

Precipitation

Answer 1

water falling from the clouds

Question 2

Evaporation

Answer 2

water turning into water vapor

Question 3

condensation

Answer 3

water vapor rising into the clouds

Question 4

Transpiration

Answer 4

water evaporiting from plants

Question 5

surface runoff

Answer 5

when water stays on the ground

Question 6

Ground water

Answer 6

when water flows over the earths surface

Question 7

9 steps of waterfall formation

Answer 7

1) hard rock and soft rock.
2) soft rock erodes quicker.
3) Notch Develops
4) Erosion makes the notch deeper
5) Plunge pool develops
6) No support for hard rock on top
7) Hard rock collapses into plunge pool
8) This process repeats and the waterfall retreats
9) A gouge is formed as the waterfall retreats

Question 8

Hydraulic action

Answer 8

the shear force of the water

Question 9

abrasion

Answer 9

When rocks act as sand paper on the river bed

Question 10

Attrition

Answer 10

rocks colliding with each other

Question 11

Solution

Answer 11

when rocks dissolve

Question 12

Suspension

Answer 12

light material is carried along by the river

Question 13

Traction

Answer 13

Large boulders rolling across the river bed

Question 14

Saltation

Answer 14

small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed

Question 15

River source

Answer 15

Were the river starts

Question 16

River mouth

Answer 16

were the river meets the ocean/sea

Question 17

8 steps to oxbow lakes

Answer 17

1) a meander stars as a slight bend. water flows faster on the outside of the bend than on the inside.
2) the outside of the bend is eroded away. Material is deposited on the inside of the bend
3) This erosion and deposition turns the bend into a meander.
4) The meander bends more and more over the years until it becomes a really tight loop.
5) When the water level is really high, the river has enough energy to go straight across the loop, rather than around it.
6) This is called a meander cut-off
7) The river keeps to its new channel so the loop is left as an oxbow lake
8) After a long, the oxbow lake silts up and dries out and plants grow in it.

Question 18

Heavy rainfall

Answer 18

Heavy rainfall causes flooding because there is a lot and a lot of water which leads to ground water witch then leads to the river causing it to exceed it max capacity

Question 19

urbanisation

Answer 19

The more people the higher the demand for house’s pipes and drains and gutter lead to a sewer that leads to the river. the river could eventually get too much water from cities and towns and causes the river too flood

Question 20

Deforestation

Answer 20

Trees are being cut down, tree’s usually intercept the water and absorb it. when the trees are cut it gets to the river to quickly because there is more ground water which causes the river to overflow

Question 21

Snow melting

Answer 21

After the winter season when the snow starts to melt the rivers exceed capacity because there is an excessive amount of water that came from the snow.

Question 22

Flood management

Answer 22

ways to prevent floods

Question 23

Hard engineering

Answer 23

is more expensive that soft engineering and is usually short term

Question 24

Soft engineering

Answer 24

is cheaper than hard engineering and is more of a long term solution

Question 25

Dams

Answer 25

Dams are a type of hard engineering. These trap and store water to reduce surface runoff as water is released in a controlled way.

Question 26

Embankments

Answer 26

Embankments are a type of hard engineering. These are raised banks along the river, they effectively make the river deeper so it can hold more water before it floods

Question 27

wash lands

Answer 27

Wash lands are a type of soft engineering. these are parts of the floodplain that are allowed to flood. they can't be built on. they're usually used for sports pitches or nature reserves.

Question 28

Land-use zoning

Answer 28

Land-use zoning is a type of soft engineering. This is were no one can build on a certain place depending on the decision of the government and the risk of flooding

Question 29

Flood walls

Answer 29

Flood walls are a type of hard engineering. Flood walls are built around settlements and important factories or roads.

Question 30

Straightening and deepening the river

Answer 30

Straightening and deepening the river is a type of hard engineering. This is when the river is made straighter to make the river flow and channel flow faster so there is less chance of river flooding

Question 31

Storage Areas

Answer 31

Storage areas are a type of hard engineering. Water can be pumped out of the river and stored in temporary lakes then it is pumped back in after the water in the river has gone down a bit

Question 32

Afforestation

Answer 32

Afforestation is a type of soft engineering. Afforestation is the deliberate and planned planting of various greenery (more specifically trees)

Question 33

Warning systems

Answer 33

warning systems are a type of soft engineering. warning systems are issued by the Environment agency so that local people can put sand bags by their homes, take furniture upstairs, or even evacuate the area.

Question 34

Delta

Answer 34

A flat area at the mouth of a river made of sediment deposited by the river

Question 35

confluence

Answer 35

a place in the river were water flows together and goes to the tributaries

Question 36

tributaries

Answer 36

a stream that flows into a main stem

Question 37

Valley

Answer 37

an area with higher land on each side

Question 38

Estuary

Answer 38

The estuary is when the fresh water mixes with the salt water (usually at the mouth)

Question 39

Flood plain

Answer 39

the flat land beside the river which may flood

Question 40

Watershed

Answer 40

the dividing line between two river basins

Question 41

river basin

Answer 41

the river basin is were if water were to be there it would end up in the rivers river basin that it is in