Rivers and Coasts Flashcards

Question

What is transportation?

Answer 1

The movement of the river load along the course of the river

Answer 2

The amount of energy the river has (the more energy, the bigger its load)

Answer 3

Where small particles like silt and clay are carried along by the water, held up across the water body

Answer 4

Pebble-sized particles being bounced along the river bed by the force of the water

Answer 5

Large particles like boulders are pushed along the river bed by the force of the water

Answer 6

When it no longer has enough energy to transport it, the river drops its load - the larger, heavier stones first, then the smaller lighter ones

Answer 7

- Drier weather (Less water so less energy) - River slows in speed (Less speed so less energy) - River floods (Water flows onto floodplain and brings sediment with it)

Answer 8

On the inside bend

Answer 9

The fine silt and clay a river deposits when it floods

Answer 10

It is fertile, so is good for farming

Answer 11

In the upper course of the river

Answer 12

1. Waterfalls form when a river flows over an are where hard rock has a layer of soft rock under it 2. The softer rock is eroded by hydraulic action and abrasion more than the harder rock, creating a step in the river 3. This continues to happen, undercutting the hard rock, creating a steep drop called a waterfall 4. Eventually hard rock becomes unsupported and collapses. 5. The collapsed rock swirls around at the foot of the waterfall, eroding the soft rock and creating a plunge pool 6. Over time, the process is repeated and the waterfall retreats, leaving behind a steep-sided valley called a gorge

Answer 13

These are fingers of land that jut out from hills, criss-crossing each other like a zip

Answer 14

1. In the upper course of a river, most of the erosion in a river is vertical, creating steep sided V shaped valleys 2. The river isn't powerful enough to erode laterally, so it winds around the hillsides that are made of resistant rock 3. This creates an interlocking spur, as the river winds around them.

Answer 15

These are fast flowing sections of river where the gradient is quite steep sand the water is turbulent, formed from ridges of harder rock amongst soft rock.

Answer 16

1. The water in a river flows fastest on the outside bend, wearing the river away which slowly undercuts the bank, creating a river cliff 2. The slowest moving part of the river is on the inside bend, where it deposits sediment, creating slip-off slopes 3. This continued process makes the river bend more and more

Answer 17

When the neck of a meander gets narrower, the outside bends move closer together and erode. High discharge causes the river to cut across the neck and take a straight course. The former meander is left as a crescent shaped oxbow lake

Answer 18

They are raised embankments an=t the side of the river channel, and occur when the the river is prone to flooding

Answer 19

1.When a river floods, friction with the land reduces the energy and causes deposition. 2. Heavy sediment is deposited close to the river and the size of the sediment gets smaller the further away from the river channel 3. After every flood, the banks are built up higher, leaving raised banks on the side of the river - levees.

Answer 20

A floodplain is a large area of flatland either side of a river that is prone to flooding found in the middle and lower course, made of alluvium

Answer 21

1. Floodplains are formed when meanders migrate across the area due to lateral erosion 2. When they reach the edge of the floodplain (called a bluff) , they erode the valley side 3. When the river floods, it deposits alluvium, creating a flat floodplain. Layers build up over the years to form a think deposit of fertile land.

Answer 22

Estuaries are tidal parts of the river, where the water levels rise and fall daily. They are found at the mouth of the river, where fresh water from the river merges with the salt water of the sea

Answer 23

The water floods over the banks of the river carrying the silt and sand onto the valley floor. As the tide reaches its highest point, the water moves very slowly, depositing sediment. More and more mud builds up over time, creating large areas of mudflats, exposed during low tide

Answer 24

Source of the river is at Cross Fell, moving east towards the middle course at Barnard Castle, then Darlington, Yarm and Middlesborough at the lower course, where the mouth meets the North Sea

Answer 25

V shaped valley, interlocking spurs, small tributaries and streams High Force waterfall

Answer 26

Flat land which is good for industry of Middlesbrough An Estuary home to one of the UK's largest container ports

Answer 27

Urban areas - mean that water won't infiltrate into the ground as surfaces like tarmac are impermeable Rural areas - drainage ditches can be built which increases flood risk Deforestation - reduces interception and roots no longer take water from the soil, meaning it gets more saturated quicker and surface run-off increases, meaning river discharge increases, increasing risk of flooding Agriculture - After harvesting, soil is left without vegetation for interception. Also, furrows create channels for water to flow downhill easier without chance to infiltrate

Answer 28

Precipitation - heavy rainfall means infiltration is too slow to cope so surface run-off, discharge increases quickly and flash floods occur. Prolonged rainfall saturates soil so it can no longer store water and increases surface run off, discharge and flood risk Geology - impermeable rock means water has nowhere to go but the land, increase risk of flooding Relief - steep land means surface run-off occurs before rain can infiltrate the soils. Flat lands don't have enough gradient to remove the water, which can be exacerbated by impermeable clay soils

Rivers and Coasts Flashcards

Paper 1 (53 cards)