Urban Challenges stats Flashcards
(18 cards)
What are the social challenges in Rio?
- Providing an adequate water supply
- Low school enrolment
- Access to adequate healthcare
- Increasing energy demands
Stats: Problems and solutions for providing an adequate water supply in Rio
Problems:
- 12% didn’t have access to running water
- 37% of water lost through leaks, fraud, and illegal access
Solutions:
- 300km pipes laid between 1998 and 2014
- By 2014, 95% had access to mains water supply
Stats: Problems and solutions for low school enrolment in Rio
Problems:
- School only compulsory for 6-14 year olds
- After 14, 50% drop out due to lack of funding for schools
Solutions:
- Open private university opened in Rocinha
- Schools of Tomorrow programme encourages volunteering
Stats: Problems and solutions for access to adequate healthcare in Rio
Problems:
- In 2013, only 55% of city had a local family health clinic
- Services for elderly and pregnant are poor
Solutions:
- In Santa Marta, medical staff took health care kits into people’s homes to issue treatments for disease and illness
- This is because Santa Marta is 13km from the nearest hospital
Stats: Problems and solutions for increasing energy demands in Rio
Problems:
- Frequent blackouts due to increasing population demands and shortage of electricity
- Loss of money for economy as local businesses frequently have to close
Solutions:
- 60km power lines built
- Simplicio hydroelectric complex produces 30% of Rio’s electricity
What are the economic challenges in Rio?
- High levels of unemployment
- High levels of crime
Stats: Problems and solutions for high levels of unemployment in Rio
Problems:
- Deep recession in 2015 led to high tax and redundancies
- 1/3 of Rio’s 3.5 million workers are not formally employed
Solutions:
- Schools of Tomorrow aims to increase qualifications necessary for employment for young people in violent areas
- Free childcare available for teenage parents
Stats: Problems and solutions for high levels of crime in Rio
Problems:
- Powerful gangs control drug trafficking in favelas
- Street crime is pervasive (tourism affected)
Solutions:
- Police Pacifying Units (PPUs) were set up to reclaim favelas from gangs (government spends on solving problems rather than development)
What are the environmental challenges in Rio?
- Air pollution
- Water pollution
- Waste
Stats: Problems and solutions for air pollution in Rio
Problems:
- 5000 deaths per year caused by pollution
- Number of cars have grown by 40% in the last ten years in Rio
Solutions:
- Metro expanded
- Roads are one way during rush hour to improve congestion
- New toll roads to discourage traffic
Stats: Problems and solutions for water pollution in Rio
Problems:
- Guanabara Bay is highly polluted, fishing declined by 90% in the last 20 years
- 200 tonnes of raw sewage and 50 tonnes of industrial waste each day
Solutions:
- 12 new sewage works built since 2004 (but costs $68 million)
- 5km of new sewage lines installed
Stats for positives of the Favela Bairro Project
- 1 free return ticket a day on cable car system for Complexo do Alemao hillsides
- 100% mortgages available for people to buy their homes
- PPU set up to reduce crime
- New health, leisure and education centres
Stats for negatives of the Favela Bairro Project
- Budget of $1 billion may not cover every favela
- Newly-built infrastructure is not being maintained, as residents lack skill to repair
- Taxes rise in improved favelas meaning poorest struggle further
How is Newcastle important regionally?
- Located on the A1 and has integrated metro system connecting the city
- Has successful sporting teams e.g. Newcastle United and the Falcons
How is Newcastle important nationally?
- Economy contributes £13 billion to the UK
- Home to top British businesses including SAGE computing and Greggs
How is Newcastle important internationally?
- Home to 2 universities (one Russell group)
- Has an international airport
- 2 million visitors per year
Impacts of migration on character of Newcastle?
- Racial/ethnic tensions
- Increased cultural diversity e.g. Mela Festival held on Town Moor to celebrate South Asian cultures
Impacts of migration on growth of Newcastle?
- Pressure on housing, sometimes must be built on rural-urban fringe
- Highly-skilled immigrants e.g. 10,000 students who often stay for highly paid jobs
- Migrants also help fill job shortages e.g. in nursing and plumbing
