RNA DNA Test review CHapter 13 / 14

Question 1

The process by which one strain of bacteria is apparently changed into another strain is called

Answer 1

transformation

Question 2

Bacteriophages are

Answer 2

viruses

Question 3

A nucleotide does NOT contain

Answer 3

polymerase

Question 4

In prokaryotes, DNA molecules are located in the

Answer 4

cytoplasm

Question 5

The diagram below shows the process of

Answer 5

DNA replication

Question 6

The main enzyme involved in linking individual nucleotides into DNA molecules is

Answer 6

DNA polymerase

Question 7

The process by which the genetic code of DNA is copied into a strand of RNA is called

Answer 7

transcription

Question 8

In messenger RNA, each codon specifies a particular

Answer 8

Amino Acid

Question 9

Changes in the DNA sequence that affect genetic information are known as

Answer 9

mutations

Question 10

An expressed gene is one that

Answer 10

is transcribed into RNA

Question 11

What three critical gene functions had scientists identified?

Answer 11

• Code for proteins
• Regulate gene expression
• Replicate genetic information

Question 12

Describe the components and structure of a DNA nucleotide.

Answer 12

• 5-carbon sugar
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogen base

Question 13

Explain how Chargaff’s rules helped Watson and Crick model DNA.

Answer 13

Chargaff’s rules indicated that adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine

Question 14

What is meant by the term base pairing?

Answer 14

The specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA

Question 15

How is base pairing involved in DNA replication?

Answer 15

It ensures that the new DNA strands are complementary to the original strands

Question 16

Describe the appearance of DNA in a typical prokaryotic cell.

Answer 16

DNA appears as a single circular chromosome

Question 17

Explain the process of replication.

Answer 17

DNA strands separate and new complementary strands are synthesized

Question 18

When a DNA molecule is replicated, how do the new molecules relate to the original molecule?

Answer 18

Each new molecule contains one original strand and one new strand

Question 19

Describe the relationship between DNA, chromatin, histones, and nucleosomes.

Answer 19

DNA wraps around histones to form nucleosomes, which make up chromatin

Question 20

What is the difference between exons and introns?

Answer 20

• Exons: coding regions of a gene
• Introns: non-coding regions

Question 21

What is a codon?

Answer 21

A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid

Question 22

What is an anticodon?

Answer 22

A sequence of three nucleotides in tRNA that pairs with a codon in mRNA

Question 23

If a codon on a DNA molecule for a specific amino acid is CTA, what would be the messenger RNA codon?

Answer 23

GAU

Question 24

What would be the transfer RNA anticodon for the DNA codon CTA?

Answer 24

CAG

Question 25

Explain why controlling the proteins in an organism controls the organism's characteristics.

Answer 25

Proteins determine the traits and functions of an organism

Question 26

Name two major types of mutations.

Answer 26

* Point mutations * Frameshift mutations

Question 27

What do point mutations and frameshift mutations have in common?

Answer 27

Both change the DNA sequence

Question 28

How are point mutations and frameshift mutations different?

Answer 28

Point mutations affect one nucleotide; frameshift mutations shift the reading frame

Question 29

Give an example of a point mutation.

Answer 29

Sickle cell anemia mutation

Question 30

Give an example of a frameshift mutation.

Answer 30

Cystic fibrosis mutation

Question 31

Describe how a TATA box helps position RNA polymerase in a eukaryotic cell.

Answer 31

The TATA box is a promoter sequence that RNA polymerase binds to for transcription initiation

Question 32

Describe the role of an operon in a prokaryotic cell.

Answer 32

An operon is a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter

Question 33

Give an example of how an operon works.

Answer 33

The lac operon regulates lactose metabolism in E. coli

Question 34

Fill in the blank: mRNA is synthesized in _______.

Answer 34

transcription

Question 35

The Genetic Codon Circle translates mRNA codons into _______.

Answer 35

amino acids