Robbins Chapter 2 Morphology

Question 1

First manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells

Answer 1

cellular swelling

Question 2

Appearance when there is cell injury to many cells

Answer 2

pallor, increased turgor, increase in weight of organ

Question 3

Nonlethal injury pattern- distended and pinched off vacuoles in cytoplasm

Answer 3

hydropic change or vacuolar degradation

Question 4

Ultrastructural changes of reversible cell injury

Answer 4

plasma membrane alterations
mitochondrial changes
dilation of the ER
nuclear alterations

Question 5

Plasma membrane alterations in ultrastructural changes of reversible injury

Answer 5

blebbing, blunting, loss of microvilli

Question 6

Mitochondrial changes in ultrastructural changes of reversible injury

Answer 6

swelling, small amorphous densities

Question 7

Dilation of ER in ultrastructural changes of reversible injury

Answer 7

detachment of polysomes, myelin figures

Question 8

Nuclear Alterations in ultrastructural changes of reversible injury

Answer 8

disaggregation of granular and fibrillar element

Question 9

Necrotic cell appearance on histo slide

Answer 9

increased eosinophilia in H and E stain due to loss of
cytoplasmic RNA
more glassy homogeneous appearance
myelin figures

Question 10

Myelin figures

Answer 10

large, whorled phospholipid masses that replace dead cells

Question 11

Characteristics of a necrotic cell

Answer 11

discontinuities in plasma and organelle membranes, dilation of mitochondria, large amorphous densities, myelin figures, debris, fluffy denatured proteins

Question 12

Nuclear changes of necrotic cell (3)

Answer 12

karyolysis
pyknosis
karyorrhexis

Question 13

Karyolysis

Answer 13

change the reflects loss of DNA due to enzymatic degradation by endonuclease

Question 14

Pyknosis

Answer 14

nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia

chromatin condenses into solid, shrunken basophilic mass

Question 15

Kayorrhexis

Answer 15

pyknotic nucleus undergoes fragmentation

Question 16

Coagulative necrosis

Answer 16

architecture of dead tissue is maintained

localized area of coagulative necrosis is called an infarct

Question 17

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 17

digestion of dead cells
turns tissue into liquid viscous mass
pus can be secreted which contains dead leukocytes

Question 18

Gangrenous necrosis

Answer 18

limb that has lost blood supply and undergone necrosis

Question 19

Caseous necrosis

Answer 19

tuberculous infection most commonly seen
friable white appearance
“cheese-like”

Question 20

Granuloma on microscopic exam

Answer 20

caseous necrosis

structureless collection of fragmented or lysed cells

Question 21

Fat necrosis

Answer 21

focal areas of fat destruction usually from pancreatic lipase
“chalky white” appearance from fatty acids combining with calcium

Question 22

Fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 22

seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels

see immune complexes with antigen and antibodies

Question 23

Necroptosis appearance

Answer 23

resembles necrosis morphologically

resembles apoptosis mechanistically as programmed

Question 24

What triggers necroptosis

Answer 24

ligation of TNFR1

viral proteins of RNA and DNA viruses

Question 25

What signals are used in necroptosis

Answer 25

RIP1 and RIP3 | caspase independent

Question 26

Function of RIP1 and RIP3

Answer 26

reduce mitochondrial ATP generation produce ROS permeabilize lysosomal membranes cause cellular swelling and membrane damage (necrosis)

Question 27

How does inflammation occur in necroptosis

Answer 27

by releasing the cellular contents of the cell

Question 28

When does pyroptosis occur in a cell

Answer 28

when a cel is infected by a microbe

Question 29

What is activated in pyroptosis

Answer 29

caspase 1 which cleaves the precursor of IL-1 to make IL-1 active

Question 30

What caspases cause death of the infected cell in pyrotosis

Answer 30

1 and 11

Question 31

What happens during autophagy

Answer 31

sequestration of cellular organelles into autophagic vacuoles (autophagosomes) fuse with lysosomes digest the enclosed material

Question 32

What is autophagy

Answer 32

adaptive response that is enhanced during nutrient deprivation causing the cell to cannibalize itself to survive

Question 33

What can occur with dysregulation of autophagy

Answer 33

disease- cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases, neurodegenerative diseases

Question 34

What accumulates during abnormal deposition of lipids- fatty change

Answer 34

free triglycerides in cells from defective transport or excessive intake

Question 35

What accumulates during abnormal deposition of lipids- cholesterol deposition

Answer 35

cholesterol from defective catabolism or excesseive takes

Question 36

When is accumulation of cholesterol deposition seen

Answer 36

in macrophages and smooth muscle of vessel walls in atherosclerosis

Question 37

What occurs during abnormal deposition of proteins

Answer 37

reabsorb proteins in kidney tubules | immunoglobulins in plasma cells

Question 38

Where is deposition of glycogen seen?

Answer 38

in macrophages of patients with defect in lysosomal enzymes that break down glycogen

Question 39

How does deposition of pigments occur?

Answer 39

through indigestible pigments - carbon lipofuscin or iron

Question 40

What is lipofuscin?

Answer 40

breakdown product of lipid peroxidation

Question 41

Dystrophic calcification

Answer 41

deposition of calcium at sites of cell injury and necrosis

Question 42

Metastatic calcification

Answer 42

deposition of calcium in normal tissues caused by hypercalcemia

Question 43

4 causes of cellular aging

Answer 43

accumulation of DNA damage replicative senescence defective protein homeostasis nutrient sensing system

Question 44

How does accumulation of DNA damage cause cellular aging?

Answer 44

defective DNA repair systems | caloric restriction activates DNA repair-- prolongs aging

Question 45

How does replicative senescence cause cellular aging?

Answer 45

reduced capacity of cells to divide secondary to progressive shortening of telomeres

Question 46

How does defective protein homeostasis cause cellular aging?

Answer 46

impaired chaperone and proteasome functions

Question 47

How does the nutrient sensing system cause cellular aging?

Answer 47

caloric restriction increases longevity | mediators may be reduced by IGF-1 signaling and increasing sirtuins