ROCK MECHANICS AND THE PROPERTIES OF ROCKS (PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL, AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES).

Question 1

is a discipline that uses the
principles of mechanics to describe
the behaviour of rocks under
variousphysicalforces.

Answer 1

ROCK MECHANICS

Question 2

what year did the Rock Mechanics Committee of the American
National Academy of Science was founded

Answer 2

1963

Question 3

is the theoretical and applied science of
the mechanical behaviour of rock. It is the branch of
mechanics concerned with the response of rock to the
forcefieldsofitsphysicalenvironment.

Answer 3

Rock mechanics

Question 4

TWO MAJOR BRANCHES
OF ROCK MECHANICS

Answer 4

STRUCTURAL ROCK MECHANICS

COMMINUTION

Question 5

is concerned with the stability of engineering
structuresin whichthe material ispredominantlyrock.

Answer 5

STRUCTURAL ROCK
MECHANICS

Question 6

which is concerned with the reduction of rock to small
fragments by the application of external forces as in
drilling, blasting,cutting, and grinding.

Answer 6

COMMINUTION

Question 6

Typically continuous,
homogeneous, isotropic, and linearlyelastic(CHILE). Their
properties are well-known and controllable during
production.

Answer 6

Construction Materials

Question 7

Are discontinuous, inhomogeneous, anisotropic, and
non-linearly elastic (DIANE). The properties of _____ are
often variable and difficult to control, making their
behaviorlesspredictable.

Answer 7

rocks

Question 7

DAINE MEANS

Answer 7

discontinuous, inhomogeneous, anisotropic, and
non-linearly elastic

Question 8

CHILE MEANS

Answer 8

continuous,
homogeneous, isotropic, and linearlyelastic

Question 9

two types of Discontinuities

Answer 9

Normal Discontinuities
Artificial Discontinuities

Question 9

are fractures or breaks in rocks that
affect their mechanical behaviour.

Answer 9

Discontinuities

Question 10

hese include large, smooth
fractures that are often weathered or infilled, such
asfaults,joints, bedding, and fractures

Answer 10

Normal Discontinuities:

Question 10

These are smaller, rough,
and often fresh fractures with no specific pattern,
typicallycreated byhuman activities.

Answer 10

Artificial Discontinuities

Question 11

This refers to the
variation in rock properties at different locations, often
due to mineral composition or the presence of
discontinuities.

Answer 11

Inhomogeneity of Rock Materials

Question 12

is the force per unit area applied to a rock.

Answer 12

STRESS IN ROCKS

Question 12

This is primarily caused by
the existence of discontinuities in the rock mass, which
significantly affectits mechanical behavior.

Answer 12

Inhomogeneity of Rock Masses

Question 13

is defined as variationsofproperties with respect
to the directions concerned in design and analysis of rock
structures

Answer 13

ANISOTROPY OF ROCKS

Question 14

TYPES OF STRESS IN ROCKS

Answer 14

Normal Stress
Shear Stress

Question 15

Stress that acts parallel to a
surface.

Answer 15

Shear Stress

Question 15

Stressthat actsperpendicularto a
surface.

Answer 15

Normal Stress

Question 16

The composition,structure, and texture of rock
materials directly control their strength. While
there areover _________ known minerals,only about
nineplay a significantroleinrockformation.

Answer 16

2,000

Question 16

-may be known as Index
Properties
-it describes the rock material
and helpsinclassifyingthem

Answer 16

Physical
Properties

Question 17

is the ratio of the density
of the rock to the density of water. It helps determine whether the rock will float or sink

Answer 17

Specific Gravity(G)

Question 18

also known as specific weight, relates the rock's size, mass, density, and force.

Answer 18

Unit Weight (Y)

Question 19

refers to how compact the rock is, and itisrelated toits mineralcomposition.

Answer 19

Density

Question 20

s theproportion of the volume that is not solid, affecting water storage and permeability.

Answer 20

Porosity

Question 20

influences physical properties such as weight and density.

Answer 20

Moisture Content

Question 21

is the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of solids, and is related to porosity

Answer 21

Void Ratio

Question 22

indicates how much moisture is present in the rock relative to its total void capacity

Answer 22

Degree of Saturation

Question 23

describes the rock's ability to transmit fluids. Highly porous rocks with wellconnected voids have high ______

Answer 23

Permeability

Question 23

majority of rocks are dielectric, and measurements of dielectric constants areused to interpret data.

Answer 23

Electrical Properties

Question 24

The increase in temperature also makes rock weaker due to the formation of cracks in the rock mass.

Answer 24

Thermal Properties

Question 25

occurs when rocks absorb water and increase in volume

Answer 25

Swelling

Question 26

refers to the condition where the propertiesof a rock massvary dependingonthe direction.

Answer 26

Anisotropy

Question 26

refers tohow resistant rocks areto weathering and other forms of degradation overtime.

Answer 26

Durability

Question 27

describe a rock's strength and its ability to resist deformation under load

Answer 27

Mechanical Properties

Question 28

The ability of a rock to withstand axial loads without failure.

Answer 28

Compressive Strength

Question 29

is determined by dividing the load at failure by thecross-sectional area of the rock.

Answer 29

Uniaxial Compressive Strength

Question 30

IN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH Tests like the uniaxial compression and triaxial compression tests directly measure compressive strength.

Answer 30

Direct Methods

Question 31

IN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH Techniques like the Schmidt Hammer Test and Point Load Test estimate compressive strength without damaging the rocksample.

Answer 31

Indirect Methods

Question 32

The maximum tension a rock can withstand before failure. Rocks are generally weak in tension, but tensile strength is important for understanding failure mechanisms

Answer 32

Tensile Strength

Question 33

IN TENSILE STRENGTH Involve applying uniaxial tensilestress.

Answer 33

Direct Methods

Question 34

IN TENSILE STRENGTH Techniques like the Brazilian Disc Test estimate tensile strength nondestructively.

Answer 34

Indirect Methods

Question 35

This refers to the maximum resistance to deformation caused by shear stresses. It is essential for analyzing rock slopes and foundations.

Answer 35

Shear Strength

Question 36

Include laboratory tests to measure shear resistance along weakness planes in the rock.

Answer 36

Shear Strength Tests

Question 37

are generated when stress is applied to a rock, causing deformation that propagates as sound waves through the material. They are essential for understanding seismic activities.

Answer 37

Stress Waves

Question 38

Pressure experienced by rocks duetothe weightofoverlying materials.

Answer 38

Lithostatic Stress

Question 39

Unequal stress experienced by rocks, often caused by tectonic forces.

Answer 39

Differential Stress

Question 40

The deformation or change in shape that occurs in response to applied stress

Answer 40

Strain

Question 41

Therockreturnstoits original shape after the stress is removed.

Answer 41

Elastic Deformation

Question 42

Occurs under high temperature and pressure, causing the rock to flow rather than fracture

Answer 42

Ductile Deformation

Question 43

Characterized by rock fracturing when stress exceeds its yield strength.

Answer 43

Brittle Deformation:

Question 44

These constants describe the rock's ability to return to its original shape after deformation:

Answer 44

Elastic Constants:

Question 45

Measures resistance to compression.

Answer 45

Modulus of Elasticity (Young ’s Modulus)

Question 46

Measures resistance to shear deformation

Answer 46

Shear Modulus

Question 47

Describes the relationship between lateral strain and longitudinal strain underloading.

Answer 47

Poisson's Ratio

Question 48

Measures resistance to volume changeunderpressure.

Answer 48

Bulk Modulus