Rock Types COPY

Question 1

Igneous rock

Answer 1

Consist of tiny interlocking crystals.
Generally tough rocks and resistant to erosion.
Formed by the cooling of molten magma either underground or on the ground.

Question 2

Example of igneous rock

Answer 2

Granite and basalt

Question 3

Sedimentary rock

Answer 3

Usually have been laid down in layers (called beds)
They often contain fossils
Although they can be tough ( limestone ) , most are weaker than igneous and metamorphic rocks.
They are formed by the compaction And cement action if sediments, usually deposited in the sea.

Question 4

Example of sedimentary rocks

Answer 4

Sandstone, limestone (chalk is form of limestone) and clay

Question 5

Metamorphic rocks

Answer 5

These rocks are also crystalline.
They often exhibit layering (e.g slate)
They tend to be very tough and resistant to erosion.
They are formed by the alteration of pre existing rocks by heat and or pressure

Question 6

Example of metamorphic rocks

Answer 6

Slate, marble, gneiss and schist

Question 7

How does another rock become an igneous rock

Answer 7

By melting to form magma, then cooling to form an igneous rock

Question 8

How does a rock become a metamorphic rock

Answer 8

If there are changes in temperature and pressure

Question 9

How does a rock become a sedimentary rock

Answer 9

By weathering, erosion, deposition and compression

Question 10

Weathering

Answer 10

The disintegration or decomposition of rocks in situ (the rock doesn’t move)

Question 11

There are three different types of weathering

Answer 11

Mechanical
Chemical
Biological

Question 12

Mechanical weathering

Answer 12

Involved the rock breaking into smaller pieces without any chemical changes taking place.
It often results in piles of angular rock fragments called scree found at the foot of bare rocky outcrops.

Question 13

Chemical weathering

Answer 13

Here a chemical change occurs in the rock.
Water and or air has activated this change (e,g oxidisation).
For example, limestone is made up of a mineral called calcium carbonate which reacts with rain water. New soluble substances are formed in this reaction. These are washed away and the rock is weathered.

Question 14

Biological weathering

Answer 14

This involves the actions of flora and fauna upon the rock.
Plant roots are effective at penetrating and widening the cracks in the rock.
Rabbits can be effective in burrowing into weaker rocks

Question 15

The exfoliation sequence

Answer 15

During the day, an exposed rock’s layers are heated and expand in the hot desert climate.
As there are little clouds, the nights are cold and the outer layer of the rock cools and contracts.
This process is repeated multiple times.
Different minerals in the rock react differently and this causes the outer layers to peel off to leave steep - sided, rounded hills or boulders

Question 16

Factors which affect the rate of weathering

Answer 16

Age of rock
Micro climate
Rock type and structure
Vegetation cove 
 Rainfall and temperature

Question 17

Limestone

Answer 17

Limestone is a sedimentary rock made of calcium carbonate.
It dissolves slowly in carbonic acid ( carbonic dioxide and rainwater) creating a range of distinctive landforms .
The structure of limestone is like building blocks, with joints (vertical) and bedding planes (horizontal) separating the blocks.

Question 18

Swallow holes or sink holes

Answer 18

This is where the acidic rainwater has dissolved and widened a joint in the limestone, and surface streams disappear underground. E.g gaping hill near ingleborough

Question 19

Limestone pavement

Answer 19

Where limestone has been exposed at the surface due to erosion, the joints become widened to leave rips between the blocks of rocks called gripes. The blocks are called clients. E.g above Malham cove, North Yorkshire

Question 20

Dry valleys

Answer 20

These were eroded by fast flowing surface streams toward the end of the last ice age when the ground was either frozen or saturated with glacial meltwater. The streams flow underground today, e.g the dry valley of watlowes, near Malham

Question 21

Resurgence

Answer 21

Where a spring of a river appears above ground after the river had been flowing underground

Question 22

Caves

Answer 22

These are found when a stream flowing down a swallow hole has dissolved a large area underground.

Question 23

Stalactites

Answer 23

Deposits of limestone hanging down from the ceiling are called stalactites.
As drips appear from joints in the roof, carbon dioxide is lost from the lime-rich solution leaving calcite (calcium carbonate). The calcite builds up to form a stalactite hanging from the ceiling.

Question 24

Stalagmites

Answer 24

Those rising from the floor of a cave are called stalagmites.
As drips land on the floor again carbon dioxide leaves and calcite deposits form a stalagmite. Because they build up this way, stalagmites are more rounded in appearance

Question 25

Pillars

Answer 25

A stalagmite may form directly below a stalactite as water drips from the ceiling fan the cave onto the floor. The stalactite may continue to grow downwards and the stalagmite may continue to grow upwards until the two limestone features eventually meet. They form a pillar or column which extends all the way from the ceiling of the cave to the floor

Question 26

Formation of limestone features underground

Answer 26

Limestone is a pervious rock. Water flows through the bedding planes and joints. The water widens the joints and bedding planes through chemical weathering (carbonation). As the joints widen, they weaken. Complex carvers begin to be carved out. Water flowing through the cave is rich in calcium carbonate. When the calcium carbonate In the water loses its excess CO2, it is redeposited as calcite crystal. Over time caves are formed by carbonation

Question 27

Aims of national parks

Answer 27

To preserve and enhance the natural beauty of the landscape. To provide a place for recreation and enjoyment. To protect the social and economic well being of people who live and or work in the national park

Question 28

Quarrying

Answer 28

The extraction of stone from the earths surface

Question 29

Socio economic advantages to quarrying

Answer 29

Limestone is a valuable natural resource used to make things such as glass and concrete this can be used to build homes for the people. It can bring tourism to the area

Question 30

Economic advantages to quarrying

Answer 30

Limestone quarrying provides employment opportunities that support the local economy in towns around the quarry

Question 31

Environmental disadvantages to quarrying

Answer 31

Limestone quarries are visible from long distances and may permanently disfigure the local economy. There is an inevitable loss of plants and wildlife habitats in the area taken by the site .

Question 32

Social disadvantages to quarrying

Answer 32

Quarrying is a heavy industry they creates noise and heavy traffic, which damage people's quality of life

Question 33

Economic disadvantage to quarrying

Answer 33

When a quarry closes down it can cost money to keep them safe

Question 34

The earths crust is made of three different types of rock

Answer 34

Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic