ROCKS AND MINERALS

Question 1

naturally-occurring, inorganic solid with definite chem. composition, ordered internal structure

Answer 1

MINERALS

Question 2

naturally-occurring coherent aggregate of minerals or solid materials

Answer 2

ROCK

Question 3

naturally-occurring materials profitably mined

Answer 3

ORE

Question 4

potential ore body if localized abundance is greater than average abundance on Earth’s crust

Answer 4

DEPOSIT

Question 5

Atoms in minerals are organized in a regular repetitive geometric pattern or crystal structure

Answer 5

ORDERED INTERNAL STRUCTURE

Question 6

substances fulfilling all requirement but no ordered internal structure (pearl)

Answer 6

MINERALOIDS

Question 7

7 COMPOSITION OF MINERALS

Answer 7

1 | SILICATES
2 | OXIDES
3 | SULFATES
4 | SULFIDES
5 | HALIDES:
6 | CARBONATES:
7 | NATIVE METALS

Question 7

silicon-oxygen (quartz)

Answer 7

SILICATES

Question 8

(Gypsum): precipitate out of water

Answer 8

SULFATES

Question 9

(magnetite): metal cation to oxygen

Answer 9

OXIDES

Question 10

(Pyrite): bonded to sulfide

Answer 10

SULFIDES

Question 11

: Halogen ion (chlorine and fluorine)

Answer 11

HALIDES

Question 12

presence of carbonic ion

Answer 12

CARBONATES

Question 12

single metal (Cu and Au)

Answer 12

NATIVE METALS

Question 13

Dependent on chemical composition of mineral
Similar composition share same structure
Generally belong to same crystal system

Answer 13

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF MINERALS

Question 14

5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

Answer 14

1 | CRYSTAL FORM:
2 | LUSTER:
3 | DENSITY
4 | HARDNESS:
5 | CLEAVAGE:

Question 15

crystallization

Answer 15

CRYSTAL FORM

Question 16

*strength of chemical bonds
*Measure by scratching w/ minerals
*Mohs Scale of Hardness

Answer 16

HARDNESS

Question 16

appearance of light

Answer 16

LUSTER

Question 17

*weight of mineral | equal vol of water
* Specific Gravity: Mineral (2.7), Gold (19)

Answer 17

DENSITY

Question 18

tendency to break along planes
Excellent: smooth, flat, parallel surface
Good: small, smooth, steplife flat surface
Poor: difficult to find weak point
Absent: break in irregular manner/crash

Answer 18

CLEAVAGE

Question 19

3 ROCK FORMATIONS

Answer 19

1 | FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCK
2 | FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK:
3 | FORMATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK

Question 19

*cooling and solidification of magma and lava
*Latin: igneus - fiery or on fire

Answer 19

FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCK

Question 20

Lithification of particles by weathering of preexisting rocks (Gypsum and Sandstone)

Answer 20

FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK:

Question 21

forms when sedimentary, igneous are altered by heat, pressure, chemical activity (Gneiss and Marble)

Answer 21

FORMATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK:

Question 21

ROCKS AND MINERALS AS AN ORE

Answer 21

*Mineral/rock contain high concentration of specific resource: not a good ore *Too expensive to mine *Too far to market to transport *Additional cost outweighs potential profit

Question 21

most common ore mineral deposition groundwater/seawater heated by magma produces veins: host materials - Au, Ag, Cu

Answer 21

HYDROTHERMAL FLUID CIRCULATION

Question 22

*Alteration and recrystallization of minerals *Formation and localisation of economically-important materials (marble)

Answer 22

METAMORPHIC PROCESSES

Question 23

*rocks exposed to oxygen and water *chemical changes in mineral components result in alteration into other minerals and forms residual ore deposits *Common in tropical: conducive climate

Answer 23

CHEMICAL WEATHERING

Question 23

*Flowing surface of water trends to take sediments along (Au, Pt, zircon, diamond) *Wave action and strength constant cause selective sifting effect, removing sediments and leave heavy placer deposits

Answer 23

ACTION OF CURRENTS

Question 24

intensive and sophisticated process depending on mineral and whether excavated, stripped, brought via tunnels or shafts

Answer 24

MINING ORES:

Question 25

*set of processes withdrawing useful resources from stock of any nonrenewable resource *extraction of mineral resources *Critical importance to industry *Controversial: negative feedback for neglectful and irresponsible practices

Answer 25

MINING

Question 25

8 STEPS DURING MINING

Answer 25

1 | PROSPECTING OR EXPLORATION: 2 | DRILLING 3 | MODELING 4 | IDENTIFY AND ASSESS POTENTIAL IMPACTS 5 | DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTING MINE 6 | ORE EXTRACTION 7 | MILLING: 8 | MINE SITE DECOMMISSIONING

Question 26

look for ore body: deposit w/ large amt of required ore mineral

Answer 26

PROSPECTING OR EXPLORATION

Question 27

extract part of ore - quality and grade

Answer 27

DRILLING

Question 28

*ore’s size, shape, grade distribution *Apply appropriate mining methods *Blast and dig pattern designs *Safety precautions *Efficiency and processing methods

Answer 28

MODELING

Question 29

*Consider social and environmental aspect *Ways to mitigate consequence of mining *Bring area back to original state

Answer 29

4 | IDENTIFY AND ASSESS POTENTIAL IMPACTS

Question 30

separate high-grade

Answer 30

6 | ORE EXTRACTION

Question 31

*Acquire permit: government & local *Create appropriate mine and operational design, then construction

Answer 31

5 | DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTING MINE

Question 32

*crush and concentration of ores *Waste materials released (tailings)

Answer 32

7 | MILLING

Question 33

*Closure of depleted mine *Mine Site: clean and reclaimed or rehabilitated

Answer 33

8 | MINE SITE DECOMMISSIONING

Question 34

3 EXTRACTION METHODS

Answer 34

1 | SAND AND GRAVEL 2 | FROM BURIED ORE BODIES: 3 | ORE PROCESSING:

Question 35

very little waste rock left after milling (not viable unless high grade ore)

Answer 35

SAND AND GRAVEL

Question 36

huge quantities of rock: removed and discarded so relatively small number of ore can be recovered

Answer 36

FROM BURIED ORE BODIES

Question 37

from ores - crushing, separating, and purifying

Answer 37

ORE PROCESSING:

Question 38

3 USE OF LOCAL ORE MINERALS

Answer 38

1 | RENOWNED: 2 | RESOURCES 3 | TRADE

Question 39

*abundance of mineral reserves (country in world mineral map) *5th most mineralized country *3rd in Gold *4th in Copper *5th in Nickel

Answer 39

RENOWNED

Question 40

9m hectares (30% country’s total land area of 30m hectares) has important metallic mineral deposits

Answer 40

RESOURCES

Question 41

most prolific copper and gold producers Baguio, Mankayan, Benguet districts, Surigao-Favao contribute - gold production

Answer 41

TRADE

Question 42

4 ROCK CYCLE

Answer 42

Crystallization Weathering and Erosion: Compaction and Cementation Heat and Pressure

Question 43

Igneous Rock

Answer 43

Crystallization

Question 44

Sediments

Answer 44

Weathering and Erosion

Question 45

Sedimentary

Answer 45

Compaction and Cementation:

Question 46

Metamorphic

Answer 46

Heat and Pressure: