Romantic 1825-1900 Flashcards

Question

Clementi, Muzio

Answer 1

1752-1832 Italian composer, music publisher and pianist Wrote mostly for piano, two symphonies, piano concerto

Answer 2

1824-1874 Friend of Wagner Composed two worth dramatic works: Der Barbier von Bagdad 1858, and Der Cid 1865, neither survived for more than a few performances bc it was hard to outshine Wagner

Answer 3

Hungarian dance form first known about 1840 in the ballrooms of Pest, the Hungarian capital Alternating slow and fast sections sharply accentuated rhythms with many dotted figures and triplets, colorful violinistic ornamentation and paraphrase

Answer 4

1835-1918 Russian military engineer and composer now the least known of “The Five” 6 full length operas, a many shorter dramatic works His music shows little influence from Russian folk music or subject matter Also wrote short piano and chamber compositions

Answer 5

1791-1857 Bohemian pianist, teacher and composer born in Vienna Pupil and friend of Beethoven Known for his prodigious output of keyboard exercises Edited keyboard music of Bach and Scarlatti and made piano arrangements of many works of Beethoven, Haydn and Mozart

Answer 6

“The Youth’s Magic Horn” A group of German folk-song texts collected and published in three volumes Mahler composed settings of a number of these texts both as songs (some with orchestral accompaniment) and in several of his symphonies including the second, third and fourth

Answer 7

Schumann frequently wrote of an imaginary League of David that was to oppose the Philistines of his day First edition of Davidsbundlertanze each piece is signed either E or F (or both) for Eusebius and Florestan who represented respectively, Schuammn’s pensive, introverted and impulsive, extroverted sides

Answer 8

1851-1931 French composer Harmonic language mixes “impressionistic sounding” juxtaposed diatonic chords with roots a tritone apart, augmented triads and altered-seventh sonorities Included Wagnerian chromaticism, symptomatic of French music at the fin de siecle

Answer 9

An Ancient Greek song in honor of Dionysus | A title for works of the 19th and 20th century the term suggests music of a passionate Dionysian character

Answer 10

1797-1848 Bel canto opera composer First wrote instrumental and church music Long fruitful relationship with the librettist Felice Romani (Il Pirata, Milan 1822) Many of his late works written for the Theatre Italien in Paris Turned more towards opera seria which featured internal scenes comprising scena and aria, unaccompanied secco recit, accompanied arioso for dramatic high points Donizetti’s harmonic language is quite simple and use of melody more stereotyped and less adorned than like Bellini

Answer 11

1760-1812 Pianist and composer Early touring concert pianist Wrote most of his works for piano or including piano Early works in Classical style but last 20 show Romantic characteristics in the expression markings, use of full chords, choice of keys, frequent modulations to remote keys and use of altered chords and non-harmonic notes harmony includes wider range of chords and considerably more chromatic than of Mozart/ Haydn/ Beethoven Piano style is brilliant and virtuosos in character Remarkably popular in his lifetime

Answer 12

1841-1904 Czech composer and violinist He achieved great reconciliation (even tho he was Czech) bc of support from Brahms and Hanslick Traveled to England and Russian and lived for 3 years in the US Earliest style relies on the classical models from Beethoven and Schubert and in general his works are conservative Strongly influenced by the folk music of his native Bohemia in his use of the modal-sounding flat seventh in minor, drone accompaniment and start root-position sonorities Wide rage of genres but most known for large instrumental genres, symphony, string quartet, chamber compositions with piano, piano pieces, concerti (one for cello and one for violin) songs, and oratorio, cantatas and operas (Rusalka 1900)

Answer 13

A poem in which shepherds converse In classical antiquity they were written by Theocritus and Virgil 16th century sometimes written as plays and staged forming early part of pastoral tradition from which operas drew Term is used as a title for piano pieces with a pastoral character. Tomasek, Frank, Liszt and Dvorak

Answer 14

1857-1934 First strong native English composer to appear on the scene since the early 18th century Enigma Variations 1899 Orchestral textures are reminiscent of Brahms but harmonic language comes closer to mature Wagner style

Answer 15

Wagner’s ideal, outlined in Oper und Drama, musical continuity and avoidances of cadences creating a sense of continuous melody

Answer 16

1845-1924 Fin de siecle French composers French song/ melodie His songs chronicle growing sensitivity to text-music relationships and increasingly individual harmonic style with strains the limits of tonal syntax Root-motion by thirds, seventh and ninth chords in new contexts Whole tone sounds all appear in the melodies of Faure

Answer 17

Drama by Geothe inspired Liszt to write his Faust Symphony 1857 Berlioz La Damnation de Faust (orchestra and chorus 1846) Gounod - five act opera 1859 Faust is the hero of several medieval legends, an old philosopher who sells his soul to the devil in exchange for knowledge and power

Answer 18

1782-1837 Irish virtuoso pianist, composer and student of Clementi most of his career in Russia Short piano pieces representing the bulk of his output Tonic pedal points allow for lavish pedal use, which Schumann later signaled out as Field’s primary contribution to Romantic musical style

Answer 19

Members of the imaginary Davidsbund battled the Philistines of contemporary culture Schumann Used these characters in his essays and reviews against the prevailing musical taste in German society Eusebius = pensive introverted Florestan = impulsive extroverted

Answer 20

1822-1890 Belgian organist and composer Taught Duparc and Chausson Campaigned for the cause of avant-garde music creating a schism between them and the reactionaries led by Saint-Saens After hearing Tristan prelude in 1874 he converted to writing strong chromic idiom (shown in organ compositions) Most famous pieces are late ones: The oratorio Les Beatitudes 1879, piano quintet 1879, symphonic variations for piano and orchestra 1885, symphony in d minor 1888, violin sonata in A 1886, single string quartet 1889

Answer 21

Term coined by Warner in his essay Opera und Drama 1851 Poetry, scenic design, staging, action, and music are seen as aspects of a total scheme Concept was primary importance to Wagner’s music drama which was an attempt at creating the ultimate art form which linked together all various arts (music, singing, dance, poetry, writing, painting, sculpture) in one complete whole Wagner believed it was a return to the artistic ideals of classical Greece and Rome

Answer 22

Composes of English operettas proved to be the most distinctive English musical drama of the century Sullivan English music student studied at Leipzig conservatory same time as Grieg, entered into partnership with Gilbert in 1875 to write one-act “afterpiece” to an Offenbach opera Broad parody and witty absurdities in Gilbert’s texts are matched by Sullivan’s array of borrowed and adapted styles (ranging from Handelian recit to Gounod like sentimental airs and Italian bel canto) These two men single-handedly created the tradition of English operetta

Answer 23

1804-1857 Composer known as the founder of Russian opera A Life for the Czar 1836 the work blended together current styles in French and Italian serious opera with a nationalistic Russian flavor (inclusion of folk and folk-like melodies) Repetitions of tiny melodic modules, irregular meters (5/4) and pentatonic construction give their Russian Flavor Later operas have a constant repetition of a simple line against a perpetually changing accompaniment background

Answer 24

Quintessential German Romantic Poet His poetry known throughout Europe and inspired some of the greatest work of the 19th century most of which were Lieder (Schubert, Schumann, Wolf) Kennst du das Land Opera - Faust

Answer 25

1829-1869 Virtuoso pianist and composer from New Orleans Who’s elaborations of Creole melodies first excited French audiences in 1844 Piano piece, The Last Hope 1855 one fo the most popular parlor pieces of the time

Answer 26

1818-1893 Composer of opera-lyrique He also wrote church music, piano and instrumental ensemble music, 200 songs in various languages Greatest achievement was Faust 1859 (declamatory singing within) Simple stereotyped harmonic language

Answer 27

Opera in France after 1820 strove to appeal to the uncultured masses by stressing spectacle increase in numbers of ballets, choruses, crowd scenes Leaders: Eugene Scribe (1791-1861), Giacomo Meyerbeer (1791-1864), Louis Verson (1798-1867) Meyerbeer: Robert Le diable 1831, Les Huguenots 1836 Rossini Guillaume Tell 1829 Grand opera influenced later composers such as Bellini (I Puritani), Verdi (Aida), Wagner (Rienzi)

Answer 28

1867-1916 Spanish composer and pianist remembered mainly for his piano compositions which reflect traditional rhythms and melodies of his native land Well known work: suite for piano - Goyescas

Answer 29

1843-1907 Norwegian national composer Best works are short piano pieces, incidental orchestral music to plays Tends to write consistently in two and four-bar groups Nationalism most apparent in vocal works, modal melody and harmony (Lydian raised fourth, Aeolian lowered seventh), drone basses His piano style is reminiscent of Chopin

Answer 30

1825-1904 Progressive music critic in Vienna Schumann invited him to Dresden Championed Brahms, disliked Wagner, Liszt and Berlioz

Answer 31

1770-1831 German writer and philosopher who wrote Lectures on Aesthetics He portrayed the arts as the embodiment of Geist which refers to the human mind and the entire universe

Answer 32

October 6-10 1802 The most striking confessional statement in the biography of Beethoven Found among his papers after his death, showed the manic swings between melancholy and mania and the depths of his suffering that he was enduring throughout his life

Answer 33

1776-1822 German writer and composer His fantastic tales epitomized one aspect of Romanticism, the fascination of the supernatural and the expressively distorted or exaggerated He wrote vivid and forceful reviews of the music of his time His works as a composer have often been neglected

Answer 34

1874-1929 Viennese poet, dramatist and librettist He wrote libretti fora number of Richard Strauss’s works including Elektra (1909), Der Rosenkavalier (1909-1910) and Ariadne auf Naxos (1912)

Answer 35

1802-1885 French poet, novelist and playwright who was part of a Parisian group of artists including Liszt He challenged the Classical prescriptions for language and manners His violation of “the unity of place” and his breaking of established poetic rules, and use of every-day speech for exalted characters HIs followers in the debate were Berlioz and Liszt.

Answer 36

1778-1837 Austrian pianist, composer, teacher and conductor During his time one of Europe’s greatest composers and perhaps the greatest pianist As a composer he stands on the borderline between epochs His works: operas, Singspiels, symphonic masses, sacred works, occasional pieces, chamber music, songs and concertos and solo piano music (no symphonies) Stylistically late Classicism, homophonic textures, Italianate melodies, Alberti accompaniments

Answer 37

1854-1921 Handel und Gretel 1893 innocent melody and Wagnerian orchestral textures was the only opera (besides those of Wagner) that appealed to the German public before the turn of the century Served as Wagner’s assistant in Bayreuth

Answer 38

Berlioz’s term for the recurring musical idea linking several movements of his Symphonie fantastique and associated in its program with the image of the beloved Symphonie fantastique: Berlioz’s cyclic program symphony which includes the recurring idee fixe and the use of the Dies irae. Typical of the 19th century the subject material is taken from the dream First movement, modified sonata form Second - waltz Third - pastorale (adagio in two-part form) Fourth - March to the Scaffold Fifth - introduction and Allegro Unity is achieved both through the recurring theme and through the evolution of the dramatic idea of the program

Answer 39

1785-1849 French pianist, teacher and composer of German extraction One of the first performers to establish an international career Kalkbrenner’s technique: parallel to the keyboard, the forearm rested, the independence of fingers Concentrated mainly on the piano as a composer Works sometimes foreshadows Chopin

Answer 40

Musical theme of motive associated with a particular person, thing or idea in the drama The association is established by sounding the leitmotif (usually in the orchestra) at the first appearance or mention of the object of reference and by its repetition at each subsequent appearance or mention Associated with the operas of Wagner but also found in Verdi and Weber

Answer 41

1858-1919 Italian composer of operas in the verismo style He wrote libretto and music for I Pagliacci 1892. Rich harmonic language with many V7 and o7 chords, and continuous flow blurring the lines of recit and arioso

Answer 42

Lieder of the 18th century were short, idyllic and strophic 19th century composers preferred a new type of song used by Zumsteeg (1760-1802) called the ballad which was long and often involved alternating narrative and dialogue, romantic adventure and supernatural incidents The greater length of ballads necessitated greater variety of themes and textures and thus required some means of imposing unity on the whole Contrasts of mood and movement of the story were captured and enhanced by the music The piano rose in prominence sharing the task of portraying the text

Answer 43

1811-1886 Hungarian composer and pianist Famous for being a virtuoso pianist and for the brilliant piano compositions Remembered today as the inventor of the program symphony and symphonic poem He wrote pieces in free form and broke away from Classical period forms Rhapsody, Fantasia, Nocturne, Elegie and Ballad were some of his piano titles Foreshadowed the innovations of Wagner and some believe perhaps even the atonal melodies and polytonal harmonies of the 20th century in his use of cyclic structural device and experiments with chromatic harmonies, unconventional melodies Wrote dozens of piano transcriptions Symphonic poem: Les Preludes, Prometheus, Mazeppa, Die Hunnenschlacht Program symphonies: Faust Symphony, Dante Symphony Large Choral works: oratorios- Die Legende der heiligen Elisabeth, Christus and the Hungarian Coronation Mass

Answer 44

1772-1816 | Prince and patron of Beethoven to whom the “Eroica” symphony was dedicated

Answer 45

1796-1869 Conservative German composer best known for his ballads for voice and piano Favored texts by Goethe and Herder and showed a fondness for the horrific and supernatural Musical style is similar to Zumsteeg and early Schubert Also wrote five operas and several oratorio

Answer 46

1860-1908 American composer who lived and studied for 10 years in Germany Second piano concerto in D minor and last piano sonata (Keltic, dedicated to Grieg) His music tend to include titles or poems which suggest musical moods and pictures

Answer 47

1860-1911 Austrian composer and conductor 10 symphonies among the finest monuments to the declining years of the Austro-German domination of European music and led to the developments which were to revolutionize the Viennese tradition in the works of Berg, Schoenberg and Webern. 4 symphonies used voices and achieved a synthesis of song and symphonic form which has remained inimitable Great conductor of oepra

Answer 48

“Marchen” meaning “tales” pieces of music with some suggestion of traditional or legendary forms “Oper” meaning “Opera”

Answer 49

1863-1945 Italian composer and conductor of orchestral music and opera Took over for Toscanini at La Scala Most famous for his one act opera: Cavalleria rusticana 1888 Possessed genuine flair for popular melody approaching Italian folk-song

Answer 50

1842-1912 French composer of highly popular operas that made him one of the richest musicians of his time Herodiade, 1881, Manon 1884, Le Cid 1885, Werther 1892 and Thais 1894 Won Prix de Rome at 20

Answer 51

A polish dance in 3/4 meter with strong accents on the second or third beat of the measure Spread throughout Europe in the mid 18th century becoming immensely popular A dance by 4, 8 or 12 couples In the 19th century the rhythms of the mazurka attracted composers simply as an instrumental form The most famous mazurkas are the 52 written by Chopin for piano Other composers: Tchaikovsky, Glinka and Mussorgsky

Answer 52

19th century French term for “song” French composers wanted to denote not a simple Air but the more complex “art song” Faure, Duparc, Debussy They chose verse from contemporary writers, Victor Hugo, Verlaine, Baudelaire Vocal lines maintained a suppleness directly dependent on the French language and the kind of poetry chosen (influenced by Symbolist, Impressionist, Fauvist, Cubist and other movements) Inspired piano accompaniments which supported the general mood of the poem rather than being specifically realistic or minutely illustrative

Answer 53

Popular type of entertainment with spoken text and pictorial accompanying music cultivated by Benda and Zumsteeg

Answer 54

1805-1847 Felix’s sister received excellent music education at home and also became a composer Four books of songs, collection of part songs, Lieder hone Worte for piano Believed to have exercised considerable influence on her brother’s compositions

Answer 55

1809-1847 German composer and conductor remembered mainly for song like melodies Overture to Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream at 17, last three symphonies in standard rep today (No3 Scotch, No4 Italian, No5 Reformation), concert overtures, two piano concertos, violin concerto, oratorio (St. Paul and Elijah) eight books of Lieder ohne Worte (songs without words), dozens of songs, numerous chamber works Revived music of Bach, conducted St. Matthew Passion in 1829

Answer 56

1791-1864 German composer of French Grand Opera Composed several operas in the Rossini manner all of them successful in Italy but despised in Germany where Weber was King At 25 he lost interest in the Italian style and moved to Paris He met Scribe (famous librettist) and wrote his first grand opera Robert le diable Les Huguenots 1836 - less because of musical qualities and achieved success because of its dramatic and scenic flair which can only be compared with that of the Hollywood film epics of the 1930s.

Answer 57

A group of Russian composers who banded together in the 1860s in response to the old-fashioned teaching of the St. Petersburg Conservatory The group included: Balakirev, Borodin, Cui, Mussorgsky and Rimsky-Korsakov They used folk songs and folk-tales in their music with prominent modal elements The group did not stay together long and they really had no unity of style or doctrine and moved on to different directions

Answer 58

Lohengrin is original in the way the symbols, expressed by thematic material stated in the overture are used throughout the drama coming together at the end in a kind of analogy to a symphonic recapitulation… it was this analogy with symphonic style which gave Wagner the opportunity of creating a new kind of opera, which he called the “music drama” Important features: subject matter based on legend and deal with archetypal concepts applicable to mankind as a whole rather than to specific men Music should be constructed so as to follow the sense of the drama and not impose its own pattern upon it (recit and aria must be replaced by continuous flow, halted by few cadences) Use of leitmotivs in the orchestra for dramatic effect

Answer 59

1839-1881 Russian army officer, civil servant and member of “The Five” Many of his works are incomplete because of alcoholism and disordered lifestyle His piano suite Pictures at an Exhibition (later orchestrated by Ravel) effectively shows his propensity for dramatic scenes and visual stimuli Influenced by Realism = direct and unadorned presentation of subjects from ordinary life, Russian peasant This theory led to several unfinished operas and a number of songs characterized by a severely naturalistic (syllabic) declamation that persisted through later songs Boris Godunov his only complete opera a loose assemblage of tableau’s which the composer connects musically through the use of specific melodic and harmonic motives associated with dramatic acts and persons Idiosyncratic harmonic style which included frequent use of tonic pedals and unresolved dissonant sonorities

Answer 60

Promethean chord Chord = c-f#-Bb-e-a-d (superposed fourths) by the Russian composer Skryabin Forms the harmonic basis of many of his works including the tone poem Promethee 1911 from which work the chord takes its alternative name

Answer 61

A widespread movement of the 19th century emphasized national musical characteristics especially found in a country’s folk songs, dances, and legends Russian, Bohemia, Norway, Finland, Hungary, Romania, Spain and England Earliest example is Glinka’s opera A Life for the Czar 1836 Mussorgsky’s opera Boris Godunov Smetana’s The Bartered Bride (Bohemian peasant life with folk dances and other elements of folk music) Grieg in Norway Dvorak in Bohemia Sibelius in Finland Granados, de Falla Spanish dance rhythms Janacek in Moravia Bartok and Kodaly in Hungary Szymanowski in Poland Elgar and Vaughan Williams in Great Britain Chavez in Mexico Gilbert, Ives, Harris Gershwin, Copland in the US By 1900 the movement had declined In the middle of the 20th century it lost some prominence as increasing numbers of composers especially in the most influential cultural centers turned to the techniques of 12-tone and serial music

Answer 62

“New Music journal” A music magazine founded in 1840 by Robert Schumann A tool of young musicians against musical mediocracy Chopin, Berlioz, Mendelssohn, Brahms and more introduced through this magazine with hundreds of reviews, poetic language, technical terms, imaginary figures Ended in 1853 with the last article “new path”

Answer 63

1810-1849 German composer and conductor of Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra and opera conductor in Berlin Best known for his opera Die Lustigen Weiber von Windsor (the Merry Wives of Windsor) Delicate orchestral tone painting in the Mendelssohnian way Tunefulness and Italianate skill in the ensembles

Answer 64

1844-1900 German Philosopher Perversion of thought lended philosophical justification for the doctrines of Nazism

Answer 65

1819-1880 French composer/ conductor known for his light entertaining operettas 1877 the five act opera Les contes d’Hoffmann

Answer 66

Wagner’s writing that exclaims his music drama highly as the future art Set the order of art from lowest to highest His boasting attitude is reflected in the book He considered the audience “not able to understand his music” and his art is the pioneer for the future art

Answer 67

19th century French type of comic opera very similar to an operetta Composer of these works: Offenbach

Answer 68

Opera on a French text with musical numbers separated by spoken dialogue 19th century operas also included serious or tragic elements Bizet’s Carmen The “comique” refers only to the presence of spoken dialogue not to Comic or humor like in the 18th century

Answer 69

Developed as a separate genre in the 19th century 17/18th century it was small scale opera Originator is Offenbach Popular form of entertainment made of spoken dialogue, song and dance Strauss: Die Fledermaus Gilbert and Sullivan is English operetta

Answer 70

``` 1782-1840 Italian violinist and composer Development of technique Most famous violin virtuoso Significance of Virtuosity as an element of art itself ```

Answer 71

1848-1918 English composer and teacher Oratorios: Judith, Job, King Saul 1880s and 90s most productive years 4 symphonies, symphonic variations, incidental music, an opera Guinevere and many choral works Published: Studies of the Great composers, The Art of Music, Style in Musical Art and more

Answer 72

In the 18th century there were two types: the Viennese with a light and rapid action “nasal sound” and the English piano with a more powerful and sonorous but less bright sound The English piano eventually developed into the 19th century piano with its percussive and velvety sound

Answer 73

1810-1876 Poet and librettist Met Verdi in the early 1840s and wrote libretti for 10 Verdi operas Macbeth, Rigoletto, La Traviata, La forza del destino

Answer 74

Music that attempts to express or depict one or more non musical ideas, images or events The composer usually indicates the “program” (the subject or subjects being evoked) by a suggestive title or preface which may be quite vague or may be specific or detailed Tchaikovsky - Romeo and Juliet Liszt - Consolations Schumann - 3 Romanzen Chopin - Tarantelle The predominant genres of Romantic program music were the program symphony and the symphonic poem, concert overtures, character pieces for piano or small ensemble and occasional pieces The expressive, the depictive, the narrative Programmatic writing was well established in instrumental music by around 1700 Passages are puzzling unless the composer’s program is taken into account

Answer 75

1858-1924 Tosca, La Boheme, Madame Butterfly and Turandot Style is intense lyricism and theatrical flair Italian verismo or realism - real life situations

Answer 76

1873-1916 Particular successful with organ pieces and considered an organist Reger and Hans Pfitzner are the two main primary Post-Romantic German composers Harmony is mostly a post-Wagnerian style of extreme chromaticism Large works confined to the bounds of Baroque and Classical forms

Answer 77

A title used by 19th and 20th century composers for a short composition, free in form and expressing a particular mood Virtually the same as Fantasy The title seems to refer to the free form of music such as Brahm’s rhapsodies for piano and Gershwin’s Rhapsody in Blue

Answer 78

1844-1908 Russian naval officer and youngest member of “The Five” Vivid orchestral colors are especially evident in his best-known works: Capriccio Espagnol, the symphonic suite Scheherazade, and the RUssian Easter Festival Overture Melodic lines tend to be cast in bold relief with coloristic but unobtrusive accompaniment Wrote a treatise on orchestration compiled from 1871 to his death 15 operas, fantasy and enchantment Snow Maiden, Sadko Russian legend and mythology Structure of operas tends to be based on series of static tableaux rather than goal-directed drama, crowd scenes are prominent Musical style is varied ranging from start, realistic declamation to ornate post-Wagnerian chromaticism

Answer 79

1792-1868 One of the greatest composers of Italian opera buffa Influenced: Schubert, Weber, Meyerbeer Began a trend against singer improvisation by writing out vocal ornaments 37 operas Memorable melodies with simple accompaniment, extreme contrasts, orchestral color and his famed Crescendo (progressive addition of parts and dynamics repetitions of a phrase at a higher pitch level) Raising the orchestral standard throughout Italy and brought the freedom of opera buffa to opera seria One grand opera = William Tell

Answer 80

Founded in 1862 | Many renowned professors and graduates

Answer 81

1835-1921 French composer who is remembered for a dozen or so operas (Samson et Dalila 1877), instrumental suite, the Carnival of the animals 1886, the symphonic poem Danse Macabre and his cello concerto no 1. Influential in the French musical world teaching Faure and founding a national music society to encourage French composers His style is in the romantic tradition of Liszt Particularly skilled at orchestration and his use of instruments often reveals a delightful sense of humor

Answer 82

Real name Aurore Dudevant 19th century woman writer Fell in love with Chopin

Answer 83

1844-1908 Spanish violinist and composer who is remembered mainly for his virtuoso playing Numerous composers wrote pieces specifically for him

Answer 84

The poet who Enlightenment ideas of humanitarianism and brotherhood inspired Verdi, Schubert, Mendelssohn and Beethoven Beethoven used Schiller’s Ode to Joy in the finale of the 9th symphony

Answer 85

1795-1864 Violinist, conductor and writer Became Beethoven’s secretary in 1820 and all nine of the symphonies under Beethoven’s supervision

Answer 86

1797-1828 An Austrian composer remembered for his songs, symphonies, chamber music and piano works Finest examples of Lied every written: Gretchen am Spinnrade, Erlkonig, and song cycles: Die Schone Mullerin and Die Winterreise More than 600 songs, 8 symphonies His music bridges the classical and romantic traditions Harmonies show more chromaticism than that of Mozart and Beethoven and occasionally shifting from major to minor and back Lovely melodies and the pano accompaniment is elaborated Poems of great beauty: Heinrich Heine, made both melody and accompaniment fit the words

Answer 87

From about 1820 onward the home of Schubert’s friend Josef von Spaun were the scene of informal music-making and Schubert was the main attraction These became known as “Schubertiades” Many of Schubert’s chamber works were written for home consumption

Answer 88

1819-1896 Married Robert in 1840 Debut as a pianist at 9 and toured Europe regularly (for more than 50 years) Most of her time was spent promoting her husband’s music, she played much of his music herself She also played the music of Brahms, her lifelong friend Famous works: piano concerto, chamber works and numerous shorter piano works and songs

Answer 89

1810-1856 German composer remember for his songs and piano music Greatest masters of Romanticism Music combines song like melodies with complex rhythms and from time to time, strong dramatic elements His personality split between a gentle poetic nature and a strong impulsive one He feared of mental breakdown and eventually died in a mental institution at the age of 46

Answer 90

1872-1915 Russian composer who is remembered for piano music and orchestral works Novel harmonies foreshadowed the revolutionary atonality of Schoenberg Virtuoso pianist, earlier words particularly short piano pieces (mazurkas, impromptus, etudes) tradition of Chopin Gradually he became more experimental especially in longer works, among them 3 symphonies, piano concert, two long orchestral compositions Poem of Ecstasy and Prometheus-The Poem of Fire In the last, he based the harmony on a single chord C-F#-Bb-E-A-D which is characteristic of his later works in that it proceeded by fourths instead of the conventional thirds (Triadic harmony). Sometimes called the mystic chord Emphasis on dissonance and lack of reference to a single tonal center Proceeding 20th century composer after Schoenberg

Answer 91

1791-1861 French dramatist and librettist One of the most prolific and influential librettists of the 19th century Rossini’s Le Comte Ory Wrote fro opera comique and later French grand opera Brought together all the elements that characterize the Romantic novels and dramas popular in the first half of the 19th century: Emotion runs riot, love always passionate, frequent tragic conflicts between races, religions and classes (mostly Middle Ages and renaissance) Libretto set by Auber, Bellini, Donizetti, Gounod, Halevy, Offenbach, Verdi

Answer 92

1856-1950 Irish dramatist novelist critic and polymath Collected writings on music well respected

Answer 93

1865-1957 Finnish composer and his country’s leading nationalistic composer Best known for his long works: seven symphonies, symphonic poems, piano works and songs Largely traditional in the treatment of melody and harmony Used folk elements but never actually quoted folk songs

Answer 94

1824-1884 Bohemian (Czech) composer who is remembered for his operas, symphonic poems, and other instrumental and vocal works in which he used the traditional subjects and musical idioms of his country Best known work: The Bartered Bride

Answer 95

A forum for contemporary music

Answer 96

German “bar-rhythm” “Alliteration” Alliteration was the oldest German verse-forming principle Revived by Wagner in Tristan und Isolde and especially in Der Ring des Nibelungen Need for heightened poetic utterance that could link the sensuous and the conceptual

Answer 97

1852-1924 British composer, teacher and conductor 19th century renaissance in English music along with Parry, Parratt and Elgar Victorian and Edwardian music Irish folklore, folk music and mysticism 1 - swept away the empty conventions which had debased English church music since Purcell 2- set new standard in choral music with his oratorios and cantatas 3- partsongs and still more in his solo songs with piano he reached near perfection both in melodic invention and capturing the mood of the poem 4- the most powerful influence on British music and musicians paramount teacher of composition

Answer 98

The name of two Austrian composers father and son who both are remembered mainly for their waltzes Johann Strauss the elder (1804-1849) A violinist, conductor and composer, also many polkas and marches Johann Strauss the younger (1825-1899) violinist and conductor who became known as “the waltz king” Die Fledermaus and Der Zigeunerbaron

Answer 99

1864-1949 German composer conductor and pianist Successor of Wagner and Liszt Along with Mahler he represents the late flowering of German Romanticism in which subtleties of orchestration are combined with an advanced harmonic style Elektra, Der Rosenkavalier, Ariadne auf Naxos, Salome

Answer 100

Berlioz Program music Idee fixe

Answer 101

Scene and aria | Portion of an opera usually consisting of one or more arias

Answer 102

1841-1871 Polish pianist and composer Most gifted and famous of Liszt’s pupils Playing the piano was grand, impulsive and impassioned “Fingers of steel” Played from memory

Answer 103

1840-1893 He always insisted Russian, actual use of folk-song and his deep absorption in Russian life and ways of thought Lyrical ideal - beautiful self-contained melody give his music permanent appeal High nationalism 1870-1874 use of folk songs in larger works such as Romeo and Juliet

Answer 104

1812-1871 German or Austrian pianist and composer Liszt challenged him as the leading virtuoso in Paris Alongside Liszt he was the leading virtuoso pianist in Europe

Answer 105

Founded in middle 19th century and thrived for about 20 years or so Produced operas like Gounod’s Faust and Romeo and Juliet the term “lyric opera” does not indicate a distinct genre though the operas given at the Theatre Lyrique were generally smaller and more intimate than grand opera

Answer 106

Alternation of themes for the sake of changing their character while retaining their essential identity The resulting theme is likely to be treated with as much independence as the original This procedure used by Berlioz in Symphonie fantastique and especially by Liszt in his symphonic poems Wagner’s use of leitmotif is closely related

Answer 107

1774-1850 Bohemian composer and teacher He was the major figure connecting the Czech Classical tradition of emigre composers and the 19th century nationalist school Focal point of Prague musical life He is a figure of Classic-Romantic transition

Answer 108

Spanish Short comic opera that was popular in Spain from about 1750-1850 Replacing the older and more complicated zarzuela Originated as much as the italian comic opera did that is as a humorous interlude inserted in a serious play or opera that e equally became and independent work

Answer 109

Similar to symphonic poem (an orchestral piece accompanied by a program, a text, generally poetic or narrative in nature which is meant to be read by the audience before listening to the work) The term tone poem was preferred by Richard Strauss who brought it to culmination Strauss was able to manipulate the motive, orchestral invention, and tonal coherence to create longest examples of the genre

Answer 110

First chord sounded in Wagner’s Tristan und Isolde and prominent elsewhere in the work F-B-D#-G# It can be described as a half-diminished seventh chord, its function in terms of harmonic analysis has been a matter of dispute

Answer 111

A Hungarian dance originating in the second half of the 18th century and used in the recruitment of soldiers until the advent of conscription in 1849.

Answer 112

A style of operatic composition prevalent in Italy in the 1890s Began as a literary movement exemplified by the novels and plays of Giovanni Verga Leoncavallo’ s Pagliacci 1892 Giordano’s Mala vita 1892 Puccini’ s Il tabarro 1819 Settings are contemporary, characters are often rural and generally impoverished, passions run high

Answer 113

The folk like lied cultivated by composers such as Schulz, Reinhardt and Zelter beginning in the later 18th century

Answer 114

1813-1901 Italian composer His ability to write Melodies that communicate a character’s emotions and stir emotion in those who listen He acquired a command of instrumentation and of musical and dramatic form that enabled him to express, with ever-increasing subtlety and eloquence Nabucco, Rigoletto, Il Trovatore, La Traviata, Don Carlos, Aida, Otello and Falstaff

Answer 115

19th century journalist, director | Representative voice of the middle class

Answer 116

1813-1883 Created a new synthesis of music and drama on the largest scale in his vast operas the Ring Cycle Difficulty in putting these operas up led to him building his own theater in Bayreuth Increased and more refined use of a greatly augmented orchestra, training of a more dramatically powerful kind of singer, extension of thematic and motivic development, wider range of chromatic harmony The most controversial figure of the 19th century His works are the crowing achievement of German Romanticism

Answer 117

1786-1826 Composer, conductor pianist and critic Important founder of the Romantic movement in Germany Der Freischutz in 1821 Formed a new enthusiasm for German opera Influencer of Wagner

Answer 118

1810-1876 Composer and organist Greatest composer of the English cathedral tradition between Purcell and Stanford

Answer 119

Piano teacher of Schumann and father of Clara Wieck

Answer 120

1860-1903 Austrian composer Intensified the expressive vocabulary of the lied to a pitch never since surpassed Musical sensitivity to poetic values and meanings which he embodied in each separate aspect of song, vocal declamation, keyboard technique, harmonic nuance Condense the dramatic intensity of opera into the song form

Answer 121

A Spanish theatrical genre characterized by a mixture of singing and spoken dialogue approximated the musical styles and conventions of contemporary opera seria which quickly replaced zarzuela as the favorite court entertainment after 1710. Around 1760 became nationalistic 19th century revived “national lyric-dramatic genre”

Answer 122

1760-1802 Primarily known for his work on cultivating the lied in Germany Wrote over 300 songs and had a significant influence on Schubert and his contribution to lieder

Romantic 1825-1900 Flashcards

(146 cards)