Roots and soils

Question 1

embryonic root

Answer 1

radicle

Question 2

what is the function of the root cap?

Answer 2

to protect the tissue

Question 3

what is the endodermis?

Answer 3

innermost layer of the cortex

Question 4

what is the function of the endodermis?

Answer 4

regulate what minerals come in and doesn’t let them escape

Question 5

what is the root cap made up of?

Answer 5

parenchyma cells

Question 6

what are the three zones on a root?

Answer 6

zone of maturation, zone of elongation, and meristematic zone

Question 7

what does the procambium become?

Answer 7

xylem and phloem

Question 8

what does a caspian strip do?

Answer 8

blocks water from moving toward the cell wall

Question 9

what is the pericycle?

Answer 9

a single layer of cells in between the pith and endodermis

Question 10

what does the pericycle generate?

Answer 10

lateral root and becomes meristematic

Question 11

what is a passage cell?

Answer 11

cell that lets water/ certain minerals through

Question 12

what is the cortex?

Answer 12

tissue composed of parenchyma cells lying between the epidermis and inner tissues

Question 13

what is the function of the cortex?

Answer 13

store food

Question 14

How to distinguish between monocot and eudicot roots?

Answer 14

eudicot roots have xylem arranged in a star formation

Question 15

is there pith in a eudicot?

Answer 15

no

Question 16

In a eudicot root, what cells fill the cortext (hint stores food)

Answer 16

parenchyma cells

Question 17

what is the function of the vascular cylinder?

Answer 17

conduct water or food

Question 18

what are the specialized food storage roots?

Answer 18

tubers

Question 19

on tubers, what kind of bud develops?

Answer 19

adventitious

Question 20

what do pneumatophores do for the roots beneath?

Answer 20

facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 21

what are pneumatophores?

Answer 21

spongey outgrowths from the roots

Question 22

which direction do pneumatophores grow and why?

Answer 22

grow up in order to aerate the roots

Question 23

instead of photosynthesis, what do pneumatophores do?

Answer 23

cellular respiration

Question 24

what is an example of a plant that would have pneumatophores?

Answer 24

mangroves

Question 25

in an aerial roots, what does the velamen of the epidermis do?

Answer 25

slows down water loss because of how thick it is

Question 26

what is a prop?

Answer 26

an adventitious root that keeps the plant upright

Question 27

what is a contractile specialzed root?

Answer 27

the bulb moves lower as the roots grow and pull it down

Question 28

what is a buttress root?

Answer 28

prop root that is woody

Question 29

what is a dodder?

Answer 29

a weedy species that entangles around plants

Question 30

parasitic plants have what?

Answer 30

specialized organs to pierce stems

Question 31

what are peglike projection from a parasitic host?

Answer 31

haustoria

Question 32

what are peglike projections that parasitize their host?

Answer 32

haustoria

Question 33

what are epiphytes?

Answer 33

plants that grow on other plants and obtain moisture and nutrients from the air and rain

Question 34

what is an epiparasite?

Answer 34

plant that obtains some or all of its carbon from fungus rather than photosynthesis

Question 35

what is mycorrhizae

Answer 35

fungal interactions with root systems

Question 36

what is the function of mycorrhizae?

Answer 36

increase ability to absorb phosphorous in the soil

Question 37

ectomycorrhizae is where?

Answer 37

stays on the surface

Question 38

endomycorrhizae is where?

Answer 38

inside

Question 39

where do root nodules start at

Answer 39

the root hairs

Question 40

what happens when a nodule is formed?

Answer 40

root hair becomes coiled and bacteria can pierce the cell wall

Question 41

what does the bacteria do to the cortex when forming nodules

Answer 41

makes it larger so the nodule can be created

Question 42

what is the solid portion of the soil

Answer 42

minerals and organic materials

Question 43

what are pore spaces?

Answer 43

spaces between solid particles that contain water and air

Question 44

soil is divided into what?

Answer 44

horizons

Question 45

what are horizons?

Answer 45

layers in the soil at different stages of development

Question 46

what are horizons?

Answer 46

layers in the soil at different stages of development

Question 47

what is horizon A?

Answer 47

the top soil

Question 48

what is horizon C?

Answer 48

the bottom layer that is broken down to create the other layers

Question 49

what is weathering?

Answer 49

breaking soil down into smaller fragments

Question 50

how does climate affect soil?

Answer 50

it affects weathering

Question 51

low rainfall leads to

Answer 51

little weathering

Question 52

temperature extremes lead to

Answer 52

breaking rocks

Question 53

climate also affects what in soil?

Answer 53

mineral composition

Question 54

bacteria and fungi are present in the soil to do what?

Answer 54

decompose organic matter from leaves and dead animals

Question 55

what is humus?

Answer 55

partially decomposed organic matter

Question 56

acidic humus yields...

Answer 56

better mineral solubility

Question 57

steep feature leads to

Answer 57

erosion

Question 58

flat areas leads to

Answer 58

poor drainage

Question 59

what is loam?

Answer 59

good balance of all three particles

Question 60

what are the three particles that make up soil?

Answer 60

sand, silt and clay

Question 61

how does particle size affect soil characteristics?

Answer 61

surface area and packing capacity (porosity)

Question 62

clay particles are

Answer 62

negatively charged

Question 63

clay particles do what with cations?

Answer 63

exchange, attract and retain them

Question 64

what is the best soil for agriculture?

Answer 64

loams; a balanced mix of all three particles

Question 65

why is loam the ideal soil type for ag?

Answer 65

it creates the right combination of water -- holding capacity against gravity and porosity

Question 66

what are micelles?

Answer 66

sheet like, negatively charged held together by chemical bonds (in clay)

Question 67

what is soil structure?

Answer 67

arrangement of particles into groups called aggregates

Question 68

what is hygroscopic water?

Answer 68

water in the soil that plants can't use

Question 69

why can't plants use hygroscopic water?

Answer 69

because it is physically bound to the soil particles

Question 70

what is capillary water

Answer 70

water held in pores due to gravity

Question 71

where is most of the water used by plants is found?

Answer 71

capillary water

Question 72

the amount of water available in soil is determined by...

Answer 72

structure, organic matter, density/ type of vegetation, location of underground water tables

Question 73

what is field capacity?

Answer 73

water remaining after draining by gravity

Question 74

permanent wilting point?

Answer 74

the point at which if a plant does not get water, it will die

Question 75

permanent wilting point?

Answer 75

the point at which if a plant does not get water, it will die

Question 76

what does the pH affect?

Answer 76

mineral availability

Question 77

what happens when the pH of the soil drops and vise versa?

Answer 77

some minerals become more accessible

Question 78

to increase the pH of the soil what do you add?

Answer 78

calcium or magnesium

Question 79

to decrease the pH of the soil what do you add?

Answer 79

sulfur or sulfur containing compounds